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Aqraba, Nablus

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Aqraba (Arabic: عقربا) is a Palestinian town in the Nablus Governorate, located eighteen kilometers southeast of Nablus in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), Aqraba had a population of 10,024 inhabitants in 2017.[1]

Aqraba
Municipality type C
Arabic transcription(s)
 • Arabicعقربا
 • Latin'Aqraba (official)
Akraba (unofficial)
Aqraba
Aqraba
Aqraba is located in State of Palestine
Aqraba
Aqraba
Location of Aqraba within Palestine
Coordinates: 32°07′35″N 35°20′37″E / 32.12639°N 35.34361°E / 32.12639; 35.34361
Palestine grid182/170
StateState of Palestine
GovernorateNablus
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
 • Head of MunicipalityJawdat 'Abd al-Hadi
Area
 • Total
34,659 dunams (34.7 km2 or 13.4 sq mi)
Population
 (2017)[1]
 • Total
10,024
 • Density290/km2 (750/sq mi)
Name meaningScorpion[2]

According to Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem since 1967, Israel has confiscated 1,425 dunums of Aqraba and Yanun's land for use for settlements, Israeli Military bases and for the Wall Zone.[3] According to Kerem Navot, 3,265 dunams of mostly cultivated land were seized per military order T12/72 and transferred to the settlement of Gittit.[4] Nearby hamlets surround the village and are considered to be natural extensions of Aqraba; they are the khirbets of al-Arama, al-Kroom, Abu ar-Reisa, ar-Rujman, Firas ad-Din and Tell al-Khashaba. The total population of these hamlets was estimated to be 500 in 2008. The prominent families of Aqraba are Al Dayriyeh, Bani Jaber, Al-Mayadima, Bani Jame', and Bani Fadel.[5]

Etymology

The origin of the name is Semitic - Canaanite or Aramaic. In Arabic 'aqraba' means "scorpion".[2][6]

History and archaeology

Pottery sherds from Iron Age II, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Umayyad and Crusader/Ayyubid period,[7] as well as rock-hewn cisterns have been found in Aqraba.[8] In 1874 surveyors found near the village rock-cut kokhim tombs.[9]

During the Second Temple period it was an important town (see Mishna, Ma'aser Sheni 5:2), named by Josephus (37–c. 100) as Akrabbatá, the capital of a district called Akrabbatène (Wars 3:3, 5).[10] Eusebius calls the town 'Akrabbeim and the district Akrabbatinés.[10]

Ancient texts referencing Aqraba or the toparchy named after it include 1 Maccabees, Book of Jubilees (Ethiopian version), Pliny, Josephus, discoveries from Wadi Murabba'at, Mishnah, Epiphanus' Weights and Measures (Syriac version), the Tolidah, and KafPer.[11]

Byzantine period

Aqraba was inhabited by Christians during the Byzantine period. A Syriac document notes that the village contained two Byzantine-era monasteries named for saints Titus and Stephan.[12] According to local tradition and British scholars, the mosque was built over a Byzantine-era church.[6][dubious – discuss]

Early Muslim period

The inhabitants of Aqraba became Muslim during the early Muslim period (630s–1099).[12] Shihab al-Din Ahmad al-Aqrabani, a follower of the noted Muslim jurist al-Shafi'i, lived and was buried there in 180 AH/796–797 CE.[13] The 14th-century historian Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani mentions an 8th-century member of the Lakhm tribe from Aqraba as among the transmitters of a hadith (Islamic tradition).[11]

Crusader/Ayyubid and Mamuk periods

Several medieval buildings and other remains described in the 1930s and 1940s were still visible in the 1990s. These include a fortified courtyard building northwest of the mosque known as al-Hisn ("the castle") dominating the village from its highest point, an open cistern or pool (Arabic:birka) in the centre of the village, [13][14][10] and a domed building said to be Mamluk, probably a mosque, used as the village school[10][13] The mosque's mihrab was flanked by marble columns topped by capitals, both from the Crusader period.[14]

The village mosque is built on the remains of a church, and in the Survey of Western Palestine the Greek inscriptions found there on a lintel decorated by a cross, are described as similar to Crusader-period ones.[9]

Pottery sherds from the Mamluk era[7] and a construction inscription in Arabic from 1414 have been found in the village.[7][10][12]

Ottoman period

Aqraba, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the census of 1596 the village was recorded in the Nahiya (Subdistrict) of Jabal Qubal, part of Sanjak Nablus, with a population of 102 households, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33.3% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and bee-hives; vineyards and fruit trees, in addition to occasional revenues, and a press for olive oil or grape syrup; a total of 3,960 akçe.[15]

During his travels in the region in 1838 Edward Robinson mentions it, believing it was ancient Acrabi.[16] The French traveler Victor Guérin visited in 1870, and described it as a large town with 2,000 inhabitants. He further noted that it consisted of four quarters, each headed by a sheikh.[17] In 1873-4 Clermont-Ganneau visited, and was told of the governor el Kadery, who resided in Aqraba at the time of Jezzar Pasha. He is said to have erected considerable buildings in the town.[18]

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as "A large village, surrounded with olives, of houses better built than most in the country. It stands on a saddle between two hills, one of which rises north of it 700 feet, the village standing at the mouth of a pass, through which the main road runs. The place crescent-shaped, whence perhaps its name, 'carved.' To the south is the fertile plain (Jehir 'Akrabeh). There is a mosque in the east part of the village, founded on the remains of a Christian church, and a second sacred place (er Rafai) on the south." The estimated population was 600 to 800 souls.[19]

British Mandate period

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Aqraba had a population of 1,160; 1,158 Muslims[20] and 2 Orthodox Christians,[21] increasing in the 1931 census, where Aqraba (together with the smaller location Kh. Fasayil) had a population of 1,478, all Muslims, in a total of 309 houses.[22]

In the 1945 statistics Aqraba (including Kh. Fasayil) had a population of 2,060, all Muslims,[23] with 142,530 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[24] Of this, 3,383 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 19,732 used for cereals,[25] while 55 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[26]

Jordanian period

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, following the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Aqraba was ruled by Jordan. In 1961, the population of Aqraba was 2,875.[27]

Israeli occupation

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Aqraba has been under Israeli occupation.

According to Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem Israel has confiscated 1,085 dunums of land from Aqraba/Yanun for Gitit and Itamar (where the land for Gitit was taken from Aqraba, while the land for Itamar was taken from Yanun.)[28] A later estimate states that the total extent of Aqraba lands amounted to 36,000 acres (145,000 dunams ), of which 83% were confiscated, leaving the 4,000 residents with 6,000 acres (25,000 dunams ).[29] The acquisition of land from Aqraba for the establishment of Gitit involved aerial spraying with poison.[30]

 
A view of Aqraba

Some farmland near Yanun owned by 300 Aqraba villagers was classified as an IDF firing range in 1967, but exercises were customarily suspended for brief periods in the past to allow the villagers access to their lands, according to local Palestinians. Since then they claim, the area has not been used in as a firing range for two decades. Recently these villagers, who either farm or live there have been denied access. They claim that this restriction does not apply equally to an outpost, Givat 777, of the Israeli settlement of Itamar. They complain of settler harassment, the burning of vehicles, and of settler sheep flocks being led to graze on their wheat fields. The IDF has replied that both Palestinians and Israeli settlers are treated in the same way.[31]

In August 2014, the IDF brought in bulldozers to demolish 4 Palestinian homes on the outskirts of the town, in the al-Taweel neighbourhood, claiming that they were built without a permit. However, the villagers claimed that the houses had been there for a century.[32]

In October 2014, a village mosque was set alight in a suspected arson attack by Israeli settlers as part of the price tag attack.[33] A similar arson attack took place in April 2018, with settlers also spraying graffiti on the mosque walls.[34][35]

Economy

The village's total land area is 34,700 dunams, of which 1,783 is built-up area. Around 62% of the remaining land is covered with olive and almond groves, 8% with other fruits and vegetables and the remaining 30% for grazing purposes.[36]Sources of employment include public sector jobs, agriculture and industry.[36]

Government

31% of Aqraba and Yanun land are located in Area B, giving the Palestinian National Authority control over its administration and civil affairs. The rest, 69%, is in Area C.[37]

The town is governed by a municipal council, consisting of eleven members including the mayor. In the 2005 Palestinian municipal elections, the Fatah-backed Future Palestine list won the majority of the seats (six) while the Hamas-backed al-Islamiya list won five seats. Jawdat 'Abd al-Hadi was elected mayor.[38]

References

  1. ^ a b Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Report). State of Palestine. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  2. ^ a b Palmer, 1881, p. 251
  3. ^ Aqraba Town Profile (including Yanun Locality) ARIJ, p. 11
  4. ^ Etkes, Dror (August 2013). Israeli settlers' agriculture as a means of land takeover in the West Bank (PDF) (Report). Kerem Navot. pp. 30–32. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  5. ^ Aqraba Village: General Information Archived March 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Land Research Center. 2008-10-20.
  6. ^ a b Acraba, the last village adjacent to the desert Studium Biblicum Franciscanum - Jerusalem. 2000-12-19.
  7. ^ a b c Finkelstein and Lederman, 1997, p. 818
  8. ^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 849.
  9. ^ a b Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, pp. 389-390
  10. ^ a b c d e Sharon, 1997, pp. 110-111
  11. ^ a b Elitzur, Yoel (2004). Ancient Place Names in the Holy Land: Preservation and History. Jerusalem / Winona Lake, Indiana: The Hebrew University Magness Press and Eisenbrauns. pp. 54–57.
  12. ^ a b c Ellenblum, 2003, p. 245
  13. ^ a b c Pringle, 2009, p. 235
  14. ^ a b Pringle, 1997, p. 20
  15. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 131
  16. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. 103
  17. ^ Guérin, 1875, pp. 3-5
  18. ^ Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, pp. 302-3
  19. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 386
  20. ^ Barron, 1923, Table IX, Sub-district of Nablus, p. 25
  21. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XV, p. 47
  22. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 59
  23. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 18
  24. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 59
  25. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 105
  26. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 155
  27. ^ Government of Jordan, 1964, p. 14
  28. ^ Aqraba Town Profile (including Yanun Locality) pp.16-17
  29. ^ Jonathan Ofir, 'New report outlines how Golda Meir's Israel poisoned Palestinian land in ethnic cleansing operation,' Mondoweiss 25 June 2023
  30. ^ Aderet, Ofer (23 June 2023). "Israel Poisoned Palestinian Land to Build West Bank Settlement in 1970s, Documents Reveal". Haaretz. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  31. ^ Amira Hass, 'IDF bars Palestinian farmers, but not settler outpost, from land in disputed firing range,' at Haaretz 3 July 2012.
  32. ^ 'Israel demolishes 4 Palestinian homes near Nablus,' Archived 2014-08-22 at the Wayback Machine Ma'an News Agency 20 August 2014.
  33. ^ "Palestinian mosque in West Bank torched in suspected arson". Reuters. 14 October 2014.
  34. ^ "Settlers set fire to West Bank mosque". Middle East Monitor. 2018.
  35. ^ "West Bank Mosque Hit With Attempted Arson in Possible Hate Crime". Haaretz. 2018.
  36. ^ a b A new Expansion in the colony of Itamar on the Lands of the Palestinian Town of Aqraba: General Information about Aqraba Archived June 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine The Land Research Center via POICA. ARIJ and LRC 2007-10-21
  37. ^ Aqraba Town Profile (including Yanun Locality), ARIJ, p. 16
  38. ^ Local Elections (Round Three)- Successful lists by local authority and No. of votes obtained Archived 2008-10-31 at the Wayback Machine Central Elections Commission - Palestine. p.4.

Bibliography

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