al-Husayn (Arabic: الحسین, romanized: al-Ḥusayn) was a short-range ballistic missile developed in Ba'athist Iraq. An upgraded version of Scud missile, the al-Husayn was widely used by the Iraqi Army during the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) and the Persian Gulf War (1990–1991).
| al-Husayn | |
|---|---|
 al-Husayn missiles displayed in their erector-launchers. Baghdad arms exhibition, April–May 1989 | |
| Type | Single-stage SRBM |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1987–1991 |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | Iraq (1987–1991) |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 14,110 lb (6,400 kg) |
| Length | 41.5 ft (12.46 m) |
| Diameter | 3 ft (0.9 m) |
| Warhead | 1,102 lb (500 kg) of payload High explosive Chemical, biological and nuclear capabilities |
| Propellant | liquid propelled |
Operational range | 400 miles (≈644 km) |
| Flight altitude | 94 miles (≈151 km) |
| Maximum speed | 0.9 miles/s (1.5 km/s) |
Guidance system | Inertial |
Launch platform | 3 Mobile launchers: MAZ-Soviet modified Al-Whaleed-local production Al-Nida-local production Concrete silo |
Development
editThe origins of the al-Husayn could be traced back to the first stages of the war with Iran. Iraq was the first belligerent to use long range artillery rockets during the Iran–Iraq War, firing limited numbers of FROG-7s at the towns of Dezful and Ahvaz. Iran responded with Scud-Bs obtained from Libya. These missiles can hit a target 185 miles away, therefore key Iraqi cities like Sulaymaniya, Kirkuk, and Baghdad itself came within the range of this weapon.[1]
Iraq, which also deployed the Scud-B, was conversely unable to strike the main Iranian industrial centers, including the capital, Tehran, because these are located more than 300 miles from the border. To surmount the Iranian advantage, Iraqi engineers designed a program to upgrade the original Scuds into a series of ballistic missiles whose range would surpass 500 miles. The assembly facility was located near Taji.[1]
The first development, called al-Husayn, with a range of 400 miles, allowed the Iraqi army to attack deep inside the Iranian boundaries. The Iraqis had initiated project 1728 for indigenous Scud engine development and production.[2] The range was extended by reducing the original 945 kg warhead to 500 kg and increasing the propellant capacity. The warhead carried HE, although it had chemical, biological and nuclear capabilities. According to UN inspectors reports, the Iraqis were able to produce all the major components of the system by 1991.[1] The al-Husayn was 12.46 meters long and had a diameter of 0.88 meters. The guidance was inertial, without terminal phase. The altitude where the motor burnt out was 31 miles, while the trajectory highest altitude or apogee, was 94 miles. The accuracy for the impact, or circular error probable, was estimated in a radius of 1,000 meters, and the missile launch weight was 6,400 kg.[3]
Its flight time was of about eight minutes for the maximum range.[3]
The missile fuel was common to every tactical missile of the Cold War: a mix of kerosene, ignited by a nitric acid oxidizer, called IRFNA. Each missile loaded 4,500 kg of liquid propellant, composed by a 22% of kerosene and 78% of IRFNA.[4]
The Iraqis also extended the launch rail of 11 Soviet-produced MAZ-543 artillery trucks to fit them for the longer local-built missiles.[5] The unit responsible for the maintenance and operation of the new missiles was initially the 224 Brigade, already established since 1976 to deal with the R-17 Scuds imported from the Soviet Union in 1972.[6]
By 1989, a second army Brigade was formed, the 223, equipped with 4 locally developed trailer launchers, known as the Al-Nida, which included azimuth identification systems (AzID) for targeting. There were also a second indigenous launcher, the Al-Waleed, but it apparently never became operational.[6]
Some concrete silos were built west of Ar Rutba, near the border with Jordan. They were destroyed by precision bombings carried out by USAF F-15s during the first hours of Operation Desert Storm.[7]
Operational history
editIran–Iraq War (1980–1988)
editUp to 200 missiles were launched against Iran between 1987 and 1988, killing some 2,000 people.[8] Tehran, Qom and Isfahan became the usual targets. Their poor accuracy, while mostly ineffective to conduct a major strategic campaign, made them basically weapons of terror, forcing thousands of refugees out of the main Iranian cities. This exchange of ballistic missiles was indeed known as 'the war of the cities'. The full-scale campaign lasted from 29 February 1988 until April 20, when a truce was agreed by both sides. Iraq, which had been looking for some kind of compromise gesture from Iran, is largely viewed as the 'winner' by some sources.[1]
According to Iranian sources, the fuselage and warhead were prone to break into fragments while re-entering the atmosphere. This phenomenon later was an advantage as a counter-measure against the Patriot missile during the 1991 Persian Gulf War.[9]
Persian Gulf War (1991)
editEighty-eight of these modified Scuds were fired at Saudi Arabia (46) and Israel (42) during January and February 1991.
The greatest tactical achievement of the al-Husayn was the destruction of a US military barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, on 25 February 1991, at 8:30 p.m. local time,[10] when 28 soldiers were killed and another 110 injured, mainly reservists from Pennsylvania.[11]
One of the units involved in this incident, the 14th Quartermaster Detachment, specializing in water-purification, suffered the heaviest toll among US troops deployed in the Persian Gulf, with 81% of its soldiers killed or wounded.[12]
The failure of the Patriot system in tracking the Iraqi missile over Dhahran was due to a shift in the range gate of the radar, due to the continuous use of the software for more than 100 hours without resetting.[13]
Only 10 of the 46 al-Husayn launched at Saudi Arabia caused significant damage: two strikes on US military bases (including the army barracks at Dhahran), one on a Saudi government building, and the remaining seven on civilian facilities. The following is a detailed list of these attacks:
- Attacks assessment[14]
| No. | Place & date | Target | Area damaged | Cause of damage | Intercepted by Patriot |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | January 22 Dhahran |
USAF air base | Hangar area hit by explosion F-15C serial nº 83-0026 damaged[15] 1 Patriot launcher damaged[16] Civilian airport struck by debris |
Warhead/Debris | Yes |
| 2 | January 22 Riyadh |
Coalition air base | Civilian neighborhood | Warhead | Yes |
| 3 | January 25 Riyadh |
Coalition headquarters | Saudi Department of Interior | Warhead | Yes |
| 4 | January 28 Riyadh |
Downtown Riyadh | Experimental farm southeast of the capital |
Debris | Yes |
| 5 | February 3 Riyadh |
Downtown Riyadh | Apartments area | Warhead | Yes |
| 6 | February 8 Riyadh |
North of the city | Parking lot | Warhead | Yes |
| 7 | February 11 Riyadh |
Downtown Riyadh | Islamic University campus | Warhead | Yes |
| 8 | February 14 Hafar al-Batin |
King Khalid Military City | Automobile workshop destroyed Neighborhood damaged |
Warhead | No |
| 9 | February 24 Riyadh |
Coalition headquarters | Girls school | Debris | Yes |
| 10 | February 25 Dhahran |
USAF air base | US Army barracks destroyed | Warhead | No |
Besides the American soldiers, Saudi authorities reported one security guard killed and about 70 civilians injured as result of the missile strikes.
Thirty-eight of the 42 missiles aimed at Israel landed within the boundaries of that country; the other four fell on the West Bank area.[14] Although thousands of houses and apartments were damaged by the strikes, only two people died directly as consequence of the impacts. Another 12 died from indirect causes (suffocation while wearing gas-masks and heart attacks).[17]
The threat posed by the al-Husayn and other Scud missiles forced the coalition air forces to divert 40% of their missions to hunt the launchers along with their support vehicles and supplies.[18] The ground war was postponed one week for this reason.[19]
End of the program
editUnder the terms of the ceasefire of March 1991, corroborated by the resolution 687 of the UN Security Council, a commission (UNSCOM) was established to assure the dismantling of the Iraqi missile program. They were only allowed to purchase or produce missiles with a range no longer than 150 km. At the end of the war, the Iraqi government declared it had only 61 al-Husayn and other ballistic missiles in its arsenal. These weapons were destroyed under UNSCOM supervision. This process was completed by July 1991. However, the western powers were suspicious that the Iraqi army may have hidden as many as 200 missiles.[20] The Iraqis took advantage of the provisions of the ceasefire by developing two types of short-range ballistic missiles, the Ababil-100 (also called al Fat'h) and the Al-Samoud, which were in an experimental phase at the time of the Invasion of Iraq in 2003. These projects were part of the casus belli raised by the American administration against Saddam Hussein.
See also
editRelated articles
edit- List of missiles
- Iraqi ballistic missile attacks on Saudi Arabia
- 1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel
Iraqi missiles derived from al-Husayn missile
editReferences
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c d Zaloga, Steven J. (2006). Scud Ballistic Missile and Launch Systems 1955–2005. London: Bloomsbury. p. 35.
Initially, Iraq cannibalised three Scuds for each Al Hussein.
- ^ "Project 144/Project 1728". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017.
- ^ a b Cordesman, Anthony H. (1993). After The Storm: The Changing Military Balance in The Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 489.
- ^ Zaloga, Steve (26 November 1988). "Ballistic Missiles in the Third World". International Defense Review: 1426.
- ^ Hunter, Thomas B. "The Role and Effect of Special Operations Forces in Theater Ballistic Missile Counterforce Operations during Operation Desert Storm". Archived from the original on November 10, 2001. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
- ^ a b Zaloga, Steven J. (2006). Scud Ballistic Missile and Launch Systems 1955–2005. London: Bloomsbury. p. 36.
- ^ Zaloga, Steven J. (2006). Scud Ballistic Missile and Launch Systems 1955–2005. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 36–37.
- ^ "Special Report: Strategic Delivery Systems". Jane's Intelligence Review. June 1, 1995. Archived from the original on January 15, 2001. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
- ^ Zaloga, Steven J. (2006). Scud Ballistic Missile and Launch Systems 1955–2005. London: Bloomsbury. p. 37.
- ^ "'There were people laying everywhere': The Iraqi Scud missile attack that killed 13 Pa. soldiers 30 years ago". pennlive. 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
- ^ Humphrey, Joyce C (May 1999). "Casualty management: Scud missile attack, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia". Military Medicine. Vol. 164, Issue 5. 164 (5). Bethesda: 322–6. doi:10.1093/milmed/164.5.322. PMID 10332169. ProQuest 217043547.
- ^ "14th Quartermaster Detachment". US Army Quartermaster Foundation. Archived from the original on February 27, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
- ^ Higham, Nicholas J (1996). Accuracy and stability of numerical algorithms. SIAM. p. 506. ISBN 0-89871-355-2.
- ^ a b "Information Paper: Iraq's Scud Ballistic Missiles". Iraq Watch. July 25, 2000. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
- ^ "Damaged and lost allied planes and helos". DStorm.eu. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
- ^ History of 1st Tactical Fighter Wing - 1991 Archived 2013-01-15 at archive.today, 1st Fighter Association
- ^ "Civilian Casualties and Damage: Israel". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
- ^ Scales, Robert H. (1994). Certain Victory: The U.S. Army in the Gulf War. Lincoln, NE: Potomac Books. p. 184.
- ^ Lowry, Richard (2008). The Gulf War Chronicles: A Military History of the First War with Iraq. iUniverse. p. 13. ISBN 9780595600755.
- ^ From:www.fas.org
Bibliography
edit- Zaloga, Steven, Ray, Lee, Laurier, Jim: Scud Ballistic Missile and Launch Systems 1955–2005, New Vanguard, 2005.
- Scales, Brigadier General Robert H. Jr: Certain Victory. Brassey's, 1994.
- Lowry, Richard S.: The Gulf War Chronicles: A Military History of the First War with Iraq. iUniverse, inc., 2003.