Al-Hujariah (Arabic: الحجرية), also known as Mikhlaf al-Maʿafir (Arabic: مخلاف المعافر) (al-Maʿafir region) and Mapharitis (Μαφαρῖτις),[1] is a mountainous region in southwestern Yemen. It has an estimated population of one million. Most of the region is located inside Taiz Governorate and some of it is located in Lahj Governorate.[2]
The region includes al-Qabitah District, al-Ma'afer District, Jabal Habashi District, al Maqatirah District, ash-Shamaytan District, as-Silw District, al-Wazi'iyah District and al-Mawasit District.[2]
History
edit
Al-Maʿafir is a Himyarite tribe.[3][4] Al-Maʿafir region is mentioned in Greek sources as Mapharitis. According to Greek sources, the capital of Al-Maʿafir was Sawe (Σαυή), or modern-day Sawwa (Arabic: السواء).[5][4]
Ancient history
edit7th century BCE Sabaean campaign
edit
Al-Maʿafir region appears in many ancient South Arabian inscriptions. The oldest known inscription that mentions al-Maʿafir dates back to the seventh century BCE. The inscription is part of an inscription called Naqsh an-Nasr or Inscription of Victory (RES 3945). The inscription describes Karib'il Watar's attack on the cities of al-Maʿafir during his campaign against Awsan. Karib'il Watar destroyed and burned the cities of al-Maʿafir, killing 3,000 and taking 8,000 prisoners.[6]
The city of Sawa was mentioned seven times in an inscription that dates back to the time of Il Sharh Yahdhib and Yazl Bayan. Another city in al-Maʿafir region, Dhabhan Dhi Hamram, was also mentioned in the South Arabian inscriptions. In a Qatabanic inscription that is known as Naqsh al-ʿUd (RES 3858), the city of Dhabhan Dhi Hamram was mentioned next to other cities, Sabir, Salman, Hamir and Hajran and a people called people of Azaz were mentioned as inhabitants of the region. Dhabhan Dhi Hamram is located in today's Mawiah and Khusha. Another city called Dhabhan Dhi Qashram is mentioned in South Arabian inscriptions and is located in today's Dhabhan sub-district.[6]
The inscription of Samaʿ that is dated to the third century CE mentions the tribe of al-ʿArooq which is located in the al-Maʿafir region and their Himyarite king Shamar Yaḥamid. Another tribe and a city called al-Mashawilah that are located in the al-Maʿafir region mentioned in many inscriptions. One of the inscriptions says that the Himyarite king Dhamar Ali Yahbour the first sent one of his soldiers named Mabhal to spy on "Hajram Maswalam".[6]
Classical sources
editThe oldest mention of al-Maʿafir region in classical sources is by Ptolemy, who called it "Maforitae". It was then mentioned in the book Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, which mentions a city, "Seua," located in "Mapharitis."[6]
Islamic sources
editAl-Maʿafir was known for its cloaks and garments, which were called "Al-Maʿafiri". A Maʿafiri garment was brought to Muhammad, and Abu Sufiyan said, "May Allah curse this fabric and who made it." Muhammad responded by saying, "don't curse them [the Maʿafiri people]: I am one of them and they are part of me".[6]
According to Islamic sources, the Himyarite king ʼAsʿad al-Kamil covered the Kaʿaba with Maʿafiri fabrics.[6]
Al-Hujariah and the Yemeni Civil War
editAccording to the Sanaa Center for Strategic Study, as of 2020, Al-Hujariah was "a hotbed of training camps" for irregular militias affiliated with Al-Islah, a Yemeni Islamist movement.[7]
Al-Hugariyyah Arabic
editThe people of al-Hujariah pronounce the letter Qaf (Arabic: ق) /q/ like Ghayn (غ) [ɣ] and Gīm (ج) /(d)ʒ/ as [ɡ]. According to ibn Mākūlā, the reason for the similarity between the Cairene pronunciation and the Hugariyyah pronunciation could be related to a story that is narrated by Muslim historians about a group of people called al-Ruʿah (shepherds) who left the Arabian Peninsula and invaded Egypt or a rumor about a man from al-Hujariah whose name was ʿAwn (عون) who ran away to Egypt and was therefore called Far ʿAwn (Far means escaped in Arabic, Farʿawn means Pharaoh).[8]
According to Janet C. E. Watson, the phoneme jim is pronounced as voiced velar stop, /g/, in both the Cairene and the Hugaryyiah Arabic. This was probably the case in Proto-Semitic and early Pre-classical Arabic.[9][10]
Places of interest
editِAl-Hujariah is home to several castles, including Dolmolwah, Ibn al-Moghalis, Sodan (today known as al-Maqatirah), Jabal Thokhr, and Kharbat Saloq.[2]
Notable people from al-Maʿafir
editSee also
editReferences
edit- ^ Müller, Walter W. (Marburg/Lahn); Dietrich, Albert (Göttingen) (2006-10-01). "Mapharitis". Brill's New Pauly.
- ^ a b c المقحفي, ابراهيم (2002). معجم البلدان والقبائل اليمنية. Sanaa, Yemen: دار الكلمة للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع, صنعاء. p. 422.
- ^ Robin, Christian Julien. "" Ḥimyarites Kings on Coinage ", dans Coinage of the Caravan Kingdoms, Studies in Ancient Arabian Monetization, edited by Martin Huth and Peter G. van Alfen (Numismatics Studies, 25), New York (The American Numismatic Society), 2010, pp. 357-381".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b Paper presented at the second International Congress of Africanists, Dakar, 1967. 1967. p. 24.
- ^ Robin, Christian Julien. ""Ḥimyarites Kings on Coinage", dans Coinage of the Caravan Kingdoms, Studies in Ancient Arabian Monetization, edited by Martin Huth and Peter G. van Alfen (Numismatics Studies, 25), New York (The American Numismatic Society), 2010, pp. 357-381": 356.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c d e f سامي الشهاب 2014 المعافر الشرقية (الصلو - خدير – القبيطة) دراسة أثرية (in Arabic).
- ^ Farouq, Khaled. "Taiz: A Hotbed of Irregular Militias". Taiz: A Hotbed of Irregular Militias - Sana'a Center For Strategic Studies. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ ماكولا, أبي نصر علي بن هبة الله/ابن (1990-01-01). الإكمال ومعه تكملة الإكمال1-7 ج3 (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية.
- ^ Watson, Janet C. E. (2007-11-01). The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-160775-2.
- ^ Watson, Janet C. E. (1996). Ṣbaḥtū! a Course in Ṣanʻānī Arabic. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-03755-6.
- ^ Maqqarī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1855). كتاب نفح الطيب من غصن الأندلس الرطيب وذكر وزيرها لسان الدين بن الخطيب (in Arabic). E.J. Brill.