Haydée Mercedes "La Negra" Sosa (Latin American Spanish: [meɾˈseðes ˈsosa]; 9 July 1935[1] – 4 October 2009) was an Argentine singer who was popular throughout Latin America and many countries outside the region. With her roots in Argentine folk music, Sosa became one of the preeminent exponents of El nuevo cancionero. She gave voice to songs written by many Latin American songwriters. Her music made people hail her as the "voice of the voiceless ones".[2] She was often called "the conscience of Latin America".[3]

Mercedes Sosa
Portrait by Annemarie Heinrich, 1960s
Born
Haydée Mercedes Sosa

(1935-07-09)9 July 1935
San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
Died4 October 2009(2009-10-04) (aged 74)
Buenos Aires, Argentina
OccupationSinger
Years active1950–2009
Musical career
Genres
InstrumentsVocals

Sosa performed in venues such as the Lincoln Center in New York City, the Théâtre Mogador in Paris, the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City, as well as sold-out shows in New York's Carnegie Hall and the Roman Colosseum during her final decade of life. Her career spanned four decades and she was the recipient of six Latin Grammy awards (2000, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2011), including a Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004 and two posthumous Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album in 2009 and 2011. She won the Premio Gardel in 2000, the main musical award in Argentina. She served as an ambassador for UNICEF.

Life

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Sosa was born on 9 July 1935, in San Miguel de Tucumán, in the northwestern Argentine province of Tucumán, of mestizo ancestry. She was of French, Spanish and Diaguita descent.[4] Her parents, a day laborer and a washerwoman,[5] were Peronists, although they never registered in the party, and she started her career as a singer for the Peronist Party in Tucuman under the name Gladys Osorio.[6] In 1950, at age fifteen, she won a singing competition organized by a local radio station and was given a contract to perform for two months.[7] She recorded her first album, La Voz de la Zafra, in 1959.[7] A performance at the 1965 Cosquín National Folklore Festival—where she was introduced and brought to the stage while sitting in the audience by fellow folk singer Jorge Cafrune[8] brought her to the attention of the Argentine public.[7]

 
Sosa with Félix Luna and Ariel Ramírez (at the piano)

Sosa and her first husband, Manuel Oscar Matus, with whom she had one son, were key players in the mid-60s nueva canción movement (which was called nuevo cancionero in Argentina).[9] Her second record was Canciones con Fundamento, a collection of Argentine folk songs.

In 1967, Sosa toured the United States and Europe with great success.[citation needed] In later years, she performed and recorded extensively, broadening her repertoire to include material from throughout Latin America.

In the early 1970s, Sosa released two concept albums in collaboration with composer Ariel Ramírez and lyricist Félix Luna: Cantata Sudamericana and Mujeres Argentinas (Argentine Women). She also recorded a tribute to Chilean musician Violeta Parra in 1971, including what was to become one of Sosa's signature songs, Gracias a la vida.[4][10] She further popularized of songs written by Milton Nascimento of Brazil and Pablo Milanés and Silvio Rodríguez both from Cuba.[4]

 
Sosa in 1972

After the military junta of Jorge Videla came to power in 1976, the atmosphere in Argentina grew increasingly oppressive. Sosa faced death threats against both her and her family, but refused for many years to leave the country. At a concert in La Plata in 1979, Sosa was searched and arrested on stage, along with all those attending the concert.[9] Their release came about through international intervention.[7] Banned in her own country, she moved to Paris and then to Madrid.[7][9]

Sosa returned to Argentina from her exile in Europe in 1982,[9] several months before the military regime collapsed as a result of the Falklands War, and gave a series of concerts at the Teatro Ópera in Buenos Aires, where she invited many of her younger colleagues to share the stage. A double album of recordings from these performances became an instant best seller. In subsequent years, Sosa continued to tour both in Argentina and abroad, performing in such venues as the Lincoln Center in New York City and the Théâtre Mogador in Paris. In poor health for much of the 1990s, she performed a comeback show in Argentina in 1998.[7] In 1994, she played in the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City.[4] In 2002, she sold out both Carnegie Hall in New York and the Colosseum in Rome in the same year.[4]

 
Sosa in 1973

A supporter of Perón, she favored leftist causes throughout her life. She opposed President Carlos Menem, who was in office from 1989 to 1999, and supported the election of Néstor Kirchner, who became president in 2003.[11] Sosa was a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador for Latin America and the Caribbean.[9][12]

Sosa disliked being identified as a protest singer.[13] [14]While she was outright in her political stances, Sosa said the following on the position of the artist:

“An artist isn’t political in the party political sense – they have a constituency, which is their public – it is the poetry that matters most of all.”

In a career spanning four decades, she worked with performers across several genres and generations, folk, opera, pop, rock, including Martha Argerich, Andrea Bocelli, David Broza, Franco Battiato, Jaime Roos, Joan Baez, Francis Cabrel, Gal Costa, Luz Casal, Lila Downs, Lucio Dalla, Maria Farantouri, Lucecita Benitez, Nilda Fernández, Charly Garcia, León Gieco, Gian Marco, Nana Mouskouri, Pablo Milanés, Holly Near, Milton Nascimento, Pata Negra, Fito Páez, Franco De Vita, Lourdes Pérez, Luciano Pavarotti, Silvio Rodríguez, Ismael Serrano, Shakira, Sting, Caetano Veloso,[4] Julieta Venegas, Gustavo Cerati and Konstantin Wecker[9]

Sosa participated in a 1999 production of Ariel Ramírez's Misa Criolla.[15] Her song Balderrama is featured in the 2008 movie Che, starring Benicio del Toro as the Argentine Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara.[16]

Sosa was the co-chair of the Earth Charter International Commission.

Awards

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Sosa won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album in 2000 (Misa Criolla),[17] 2003 (Acústico),[18] 2006 (Corazón Libre),[19] 2009 (Cantora 1, which also won Best Recording Package and was nominated for Album of the Year),[20] and 2011 (Deja La Vida Volar),[21] as well as several international awards.

In 1995, Konex Foundation from Argentina granted her the Diamond Konex Award, one of the most prestigious awards in Argentina, as the most important personality in the popular music of her country in the last decade.[22]

Death

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Mercedes Sosa lying in repose, with her family and President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner viewing

Suffering from recurrent endocrine and respiratory problems in later years, the 74-year-old Sosa was hospitalized in Buenos Aires on 18 September 2009.[23] She died from multiple organ failure on 4 October 2009, at 5:15 am.[10] She is survived by one son, Fabián Matus, born of her first marriage.[7][24] He said: "She lived her 74 years to the fullest. She had done practically everything she wanted, she didn't have any type of barrier or any type of fear that limited her".[24] The hospital expressed its sympathies to her relatives.[25] Her website featured the following: "Her undisputed talent, her honesty and her profound convictions leave a great legacy to future generations".[26]

Her body was placed on display at the National Congress building in Buenos Aires for the public to pay their respects, and President Fernández de Kirchner ordered three days of national mourning.[24][27] Thousands had queued by the end of the day.[26][28]

Sosa's obituary in The Daily Telegraph said she was "an unrivalled interpreter of works by her compatriot, the Argentine Atahualpa Yupanqui, and Chile's Violeta Parra".[7] Helen Popper of Reuters reported her death by saying she "fought South America's dictators with her voice and became a giant of contemporary Latin American music".[28] Sosa received three Latin Grammy nominations for her album, in 2009 . She went on to win Best Folk Album about a month after her death.[4][9]

Tributes

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In 2019, Sosa was celebrated by a Google Doodle. The doodle was showcased in Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Cuba, Iceland, Sweden, Serbia, Greece, Israel and Vietnam.[29]

In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Sosa at number 160 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.[30]

Discography

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Sosa in 2005, with Argentina's then-First Lady (later president from 2007 to 2015), Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

Sosa recorded forty albums.[4][9]

Studio albums

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Year Album details
1962 La Voz De La Zafra
  • Label: RCA
1965 Canciones Con Fundamento
  • Label: El Grillo
1966 Hermano
  • Label: Philips
1966 Yo No Canto Por Cantar
  • Label: Philips
1967 Para Cantarle A Mi Gente
  • Label: Philips
1968 Con Sabor A Mercedes Sosa
  • Label: Philips
1969 Mujeres Argentinas
  • Label: Philips
1970 El Grito De La Tierra
  • Label: Philips
1970 Navidad Con Mercedes Sosa
  • Label: Philips
1971 Homenaje a Violeta Parra
  • Label: Philips
1972 Hasta La Victoria
  • Label: Philips
1972 Cantata Sudamericana
  • Label: Philips
1973 Traigo Un Pueblo En Mi Voz
  • Label: Philips
1975 A Que Florezca Mi Pueblo
  • Label: Philips
1976 En Dirección Del Viento
  • Label: Philips
1977 Mercedes Sosa Interpreta A Atahualpa Yupanqui
  • Label: Philips
1979 Serenata Para La Tierra De Uno
  • Label: Philips
1981 A Quien Doy / Cuando Me Acuerdo de Mi País
  • Label: Philips
1982 Como Un Pájaro Libre
  • Label: Philips
1983 Mercedes Sosa
  • Label: Philips
1984 ¿Será Posible El Sur?
  • Label: Philips
1985 Vengo A Ofrecer Mi Corazón
  • Label: Philips
1986 Mercedes Sosa '86
  • Label: Philips
1987 Mercedes Sosa '87
  • Label: Philips
1993 Sino
  • Label: Philips/Polygram
1994 Gestos De Amor
  • Label: Polydor
1996 Escondido En Mi País
  • Label: Polydor
1997 Alta Fidelidad (w/Charly García)
  • Label: Mercury
1998 Al Despertar
  • Label: Mercury
1999 Misa Criolla
  • Label: Mercury
2005 Corazón Libre
  • Label: Edge
2009 Cantora 1 (w/various artists)
  • Label: RCA
2009 Cantora 2 (w/various artists)
  • Label: RCA
2011 Censurada
  • Label: Philips
2015 Lucerito
  • Label: RCA
Year EP details
1975 Niño De Mañana
  • Label: Philips

Live albums

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Year Album details
1973 Si Se Calla El Cantor (with Gloria Martin)
  • Label: Philips
1980 Gravado Ao Vivo No Brasil
  • Label: Philips
1982 Mercedes Sosa en Argentina
  • Label: Phonogram/Philips
1985 Corazón Americano (with Milton Nascimento & León Gieco)
  • Label: Philips
1989 Live in Europe
  • Label: Tropical Music/Polygram Argentina
1991 De Mí
  • Label: Philips
2002 Acústico En Vivo
  • Label: Sony Music Argentina
2003 Argentina Quiere Cantar (with Víctor Heredia & León Gieco)
  • Label: Odeon/EMI
2010 Deja La Vida Volar (En Gira)
  • Label: RCA
2014 Angel
  • Label: Universal Music
2024 En vivo en el Gran Rex 2006
  • Label: INAMU Discos

Compilation albums

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Year Album details
1975 Disco De Oro
  • Label: Philips
1983 Recital
  • Label: Philips
1988 Amigos Míos
  • Label: Philips
1993 30 Años
  • Label: Polygram Argentina
1995 Oro
  • Label: Polygram
1997 The Best Of Mercedes Sosa
  • Label: Mercury
2013 Siempre En Ti
  • Label: Universal Music

Filmography

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Further reading

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  • Christensen, Anette (2019). Mercedes Sosa - The Voice of Hope. Denmark: Tribute2life Publishing. ISBN 978-87-998216-5-5.
  • Christensen, Anette (2019). Mercedes Sosa - More Than a Song. Denmark: Tribute2life Publishing. ISBN 978-87-998216-7-9. (Abridged version of Mercedes Sosa - The Voice of Hope)
  • Braceli, Rodolfo (2010). Mercedes Sosa. La Negra (in Spanish). Italy: Perrone. ISBN 978-88-6004-347-4.
  • Matus, Fabián (2016). Mercedes Sosa. La Mami (in Spanish). Argentina: Planeta. ISBN 978-950-49-5247-3.

References

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  1. ^ Mercedes Sosa at BrainyHistory.com
  2. ^ "Singer Mercedes Sosa: The voice of the 'voiceless ones' outlasts South American dictatorships".
  3. ^ Heckman, Don (29 October 1995). "POP MUSIC : The Voice Heard Round the World : Mercedes Sosa, a compelling figure in world music and a social activist, will make a rare L.A. appearance". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Legendary folk singer Mercedes Sosa dies at 74". France 24. 4 October 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  5. ^ Heckman, Don (29 October 1995). "POP MUSIC : The Voice Heard Round the World : Mercedes Sosa, a compelling figure in world music and a social activist, will make a rare L.A. appearance". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
  6. ^ Mercedes Sosa: The Voice of Latin America. Dir. Rodrigo H. Villa. First Run Features, 2013. Web.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h "Mercedes Sosa: Obituary". The Daily Telegraph. 4 October 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  8. ^ The presentation by Jorge Cafrune and the song Mercedes Sosa sang on YouTube. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h "Latin artist Mercedes Sosa dies". BBC. 4 October 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  10. ^ a b Associated Press[dead link]
  11. ^ Interview with Mercedes Sosa Archived 16 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Magazin Berliner Zeitung, 25 October 2003. (in German)
  12. ^ Mercedes Sosa in concert Archived 4 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Heckman, Don (29 October 1995). "POP MUSIC : The Voice Heard Round the World : Mercedes Sosa, a compelling figure in world music and a social activist, will make a rare L.A. appearance". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
  14. ^ Meyer, Bill (7 October 2009). "A U.S. musician pays tribute to Mercedes Sosa". People's World. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
  15. ^ "In Profile: Mercedes Sosa". soundsandcolours.com. 26 August 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  16. ^ Balderrama by Mercedes Sosa on YouTube – a tribute to Che Guevara
  17. ^ "Latin Grammys: Ganadores – Años Anteriores (2000)". Latin Grammys (in Spanish). The Latin Recording Academy. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  18. ^ "Latin Grammys: Ganadores – Años Anteriores (2003)". Latin Grammys (in Spanish). The Latin Recording Academy. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  19. ^ "Latin Grammys: Ganadores – Años Anteriores (2006)". Latin Grammys (in Spanish). The Latin Recording Academy. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  20. ^ "Latin Grammys: Ganadores – Años Anteriores (2009)". Latin Grammys (in Spanish). The Latin Recording Academy. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  21. ^ "Latin Grammys: Ganadores – Años Anteriores (2011)". Latin Grammys (in Spanish). The Latin Recording Academy. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  22. ^ "Premios Konex 1995: Música Popular". Fundación Konex (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  23. ^ ""En ningún momento sufrió", dijo el hijo de Mercedes Sosa" (in Spanish). October 2009. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
  24. ^ a b c Javier Doberti (4 October 2009). "Argentine singer Mercedes Sosa, 'voice of Latin America,' dies at 74". CNN. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  25. ^ "Argentine folk legend Mercedes Sosa dead at 74". Bangkok Post. 4 October 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  26. ^ a b "Argentine folk icon Sosa dies at 74". Al Jazeera. 4 October 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  27. ^ "Continúa la procesión en el Congreso para despedir a Mercedes Sosa".
  28. ^ a b Helen Popper (4 October 2009). "Argentine singer Mercedes Sosa dies at 74". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  29. ^ "Celebrating Mercedes Sosa". Doodles Archive, Google. 31 January 2019.
  30. ^ "The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time". Rolling Stone. 1 January 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
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