The Pleiades are a volcanic group in northern Victoria Land of Antarctica. It consists of youthful cones and domes with Mount Atlas/Mount Pleiones, a small stratovolcano formed by three overlapping cones, being the dominant volcano and rising 500 m (1,600 ft) above the Evans Névé plateau. Two other named cones are Alcyone Cone and Taygete Cone, the latter of which has been radiometrically dated to have erupted during the Holocene. A number of tephra layers across Antarctica have been attributed to eruptions of this volcanic group, including several that may have occurred within the last few hundred years.
| The Pleiades | |
|---|---|
  The Pleiades Location in Antarctica | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,040 m (9,970 ft)[1] |
| Coordinates | 72°40′S 165°30′E / 72.67°S 165.50°E[1] |
| Geography | |
| Location | Victoria Land, Antarctica |
| Geology | |
| Volcanic belt | McMurdo Volcanic Group |
| Last eruption | 1050 BCE ± 14,000 years[2] |
Geography and geomorphology
edit
The Pleiades are located at the crest of the Transantarctic Mountains,[3] 120 to 140 km (75 to 87 mi)[4][5] away from the coast of Lady Newnes Bay, Ross Sea.[6] The volcanoes are located between Evans Neve and the beginning of Mariner Glacier,[5] which drains Evans Neve[7] southeastwards towards the Ross Sea.[6] The volcanic group is named after the Pleiades star cluster in the constellation Taurus; the name was assigned to them by the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition.[8]
The volcanic group is formed by at least 12[9] steep,[10] small volcanic cones and lava domes that emerge from the ice of Evans Neve[11] over a 13 km (8.1 mi) long area. Most are nameless with the exception of the central Taygete Cone, Alcyone Cone just south of Taygete and the pair of c. 3,020 m (9,910 ft) high Mount Pleiones and c. 3,040 m (9,970 ft) high Mount Atlas in the southern sector.[12] Mount Atlas and Mount Pleiones form a compound stratovolcano[13] which is the principal volcano of The Pleiades[3] and rises about 500 metres (1,600 ft) above the ice.[14] Mount Atlas is formed by three separate cones that rise 0.5 km (0.31 mi) above the ice. Dykes, lava and scoria flows are found on these cones, the youngest of which has a semicircular crater.[15] and scoria cones dot its flanks.[11] At the foot of Mount Atlas are moraines with the form of ridges[15] and there are moraines within one of its craters as well.[16] The summit of Mount Pleiones features nested craters.[17] The distribution of the cones may mark the edges of a buried caldera.[18]
Alcyone Cone lies 3.5 km (2.2 mi) north of Mount Atlas.[5] It is only slightly lower than Mount Atlas but is much smaller. It has two poorly defined craters and consists of lava flows covered with scree and volcanic bombs when not buried under snow.[15] Taygete Cone 6 km (3.7 mi) north of Mount Atlas[5] appears to be a lava dome bearing traces of hydrothermal alteration and of a small crater.[15] Apart from the lava flows which make up most of Mount Atlas,[19] pyroclastic rocks have been encountered at The Pleiades.[3] The other cones are partly buried by snow and some have breached or otherwise eroded craters.[20]
The volcanoes have alternatively been described as eroded[19] or uneroded.[3] The young appearance of the edifices indicates a young age of The Pleiades volcanoes.[3] The volcanoes have been prospected for the possibility to generate geothermal energy but the presence of a good heat source is unlikely.[21] An aeromagnetic anomaly has been correlated to the volcano group.[22] The cones form an arcuate alignment that might reflect the existence of a 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) wide caldera to their southeast.[23]
Geology
editThe Pleiades belong to the McMurdo Volcanic Group and more specifically to the Melbourne volcanic province, which extends from Mount Melbourne to The Pleiades and Malta Plateau.[3] These consist of the Cenozoic volcanoes of northern Victoria Land which form alignments and lineaments possibly controlled by deep fractures, and which are subdivided into a "Central Suite" consisting of large stratovolcanoes and a "Local Suite" consisting of other volcanic centres. Among the volcanoes of the McMurdo Volcanic Group are the large volcanoes Mount Overlord, Mount Melbourne[4] and in the area of The Pleiades the Malta Plateau.[10] Volcanic activity began about 10 – 7 million years ago.[24] Earlier volcanic activity began during the Cretaceous, when the West Antarctic Rift System became active.[25]
The crust under the volcanic field is about 40 kilometres (25 mi) thick.[26] The basement underneath the volcanoes consists of Precambrian and Paleozoic sedimentary and intrusive rocks. The former are mostly represented by the Bowers Group/Bowers Supergroup and the Robertson Bay Group north of the volcanic complex and the latter by the Granite Harbour and Admiralty Intrusives mostly south of the volcanic complex. A major local fault system passes northeast of the volcanoes[6][27] and roughly follows the path of the Mariner Glacier,[27] while the Lanternman Fault passes southwest of them.[25] Some of these faults formed during the Ross Orogeny, when three terranes collided to form northern Victoria Land;[28] The Pleiades are located on the Bowers Terrane.[25] Faults may also govern the position of The Pleiades volcanoes.[29]
Composition
editBasanite, basalt, benmoreite, hawaiite, phonolite, trachyandesite, trachyte and tristanite have been recovered from The Pleiades. These volcanic rocks define two separate sodium and potassium-rich magma suites and may originate from separate levels of the same magma chamber,[30] different depths[31] or through fractional crystallization.[3] Ultimately, these magmas originate from a metasomatized mantle and were altered through assimilation of crustal material as they ascended.[32] Overall, these volcanic rocks define one of the most complete magmatic series of the McMurdo Volcanic Group.[33] It is possible that the volcanoes first erupted trachyte and later basalts,[30] but later findings indicate that the two suites were erupted simultaneously.[28] Phenocrysts include anorthoclase, apatite, augite, biotite, kaersutite, magnetite, oligoclase and olivine,[34] and are distinct between the sodic and potassic rocks.[31] Essexite,[15] granodiorite,[6] granite and syenite xenoliths also occur.[20] Hydrothermal alteration at Taygete Cone has produced hematite and sulfur which coat and stain bleached trachyte.[15]
Eruption history
editThe oldest dated rocks are 847,000 ± 12,000 years old.[16] Eruptions took place about 825,000 years ago and emplaced trachytes in the central part of the field; even older eruptions may have occurred but are now buried underneath of snow and ice. Three more eruptions occurred in the subsequent 700,000 years before activity began to increase after 100,000 years.[35] Potassium-argon dating has yielded imprecise ages of 40,000 ± 50,000 for Mount Atlas and 20,000 ± 40,000 and 12,000 ± 40,000 for other volcanic cones.[12] Later argon-argon dating has yielded ages of less than 100,000 years for lavas on Mount Atlas[35] and for a lava east of Taygete, and ages of about 45,000 years for Alcyone and two more lava flows on Mount Atlas.[36] The Pleiones-Atlas complex may have last erupted 20,000 ± 7,000 years ago.[16] Volcanic activity may have been influenced by ice load, which prevented the ascent of the magmas and allowed them to accumulate and evolve in the crust,[37] yielding peculiar magmas that underwent intense crystal fractionation and absorbed large quantities of crustal material.[38] When ice loads decreases, the evolved magmas rise to the surface.[39]
Tephra deposits have been found in Antarctica which may originate at The Pleiades. These include:
- Eemian-age tephras in Taylor Glacier[40] and Talos Dome, although some of the latter may originate at Mount Rittmann instead.[41]
- One tephra layer emplaced about 50,000 years ago at a blue-ice area at Frontier Mountain.[42]
- Several tens of thousands of years old tephra layers at Lewis Cliff/Beardmore Glacier probably originate at The Pleiades.[43]
- 26,000 – 22,000 years old tephra in the Ross Sea, which was emplaced when part of the Ross Sea was ice-free.[44]
- 16,000 – 15,000 years old tephra layers in Talos Dome.[45]
- Tephra layers at Hercules Neve and Talos Dome, of probably Holocene age.[46]
- A volcanic glass layer at Siple Dome dated to 1286 – 1292 AD.[47] A tephra layer from 1254 AD was later correlated to Mount Rittmann.[48]
- Tephras in ice cores that date to 1776 – 1885 AD,[49] including one tephra layer at Siple Dome dated to about 1809.[50]
- Finally, a major eruption may have occurred either at The Pleiades or at Mount Melbourne between 1880 and 1980.[51]
The youngest ages of 6,000 ± 6,000[36] and 3,000 ± 14,000 years ago have been obtained on Taygete,[12] which together with the youthful texture of this dome[13] indicates a young age for The Pleiades, despite the imprecise dates.[15] The presence of pumice lapilli has been taken as evidence of very recent activity in the form of a moderate pumice eruption.[52] Presently, only minor fumarolic activity has been reported.[51] Future eruptions are possible[36] and The Pleiades are not monitored, but they are also remote from any research station.[53]
Features
editNamed geographical features include, from south to north:
- Mount Pleiones, 72°45′S 165°29′E / 72.750°S 165.483°E, the southernmost and highest peak of The Pleiades. Named by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (NZ-APC) after Pleione of Greek mythology.[54]
Mount Atlas, 72°44′S 165°30′E / 72.733°S 165.500°E, an extinct volcanic cone at the northeast side of Mount Pleiones. Named by the NZ-APC in association with Mount Pleiones after Atlas of Greek mythology.[55]
- Aleyone Cone, 72°42′S 165°33′E / 72.700°S 165.550°E, an extinct volcanic cone near the center of The Pleiades. Named by a Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (VUWAE) field party to Evans Névé, 1971–72, after Alcyone, the brightest star in the Pleiades constellation.[56]
- Taygete Cone, 72°41′S 165°34′E / 72.683°S 165.567°E, An extinct volcanic cone northeast of Alcyone Cone in the north part of The Pleiades. Named by the NZ-APC after Taygete (Taygeta), one of the stars in the Pleiades.[57]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "The Pleiades". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- ^ "The Pleiades". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 15 October 2020., Eruption history
- ^ a b c d e f g Stump 1986, p.305
- ^ a b Kyle 1982, p.747
- ^ a b c d Faure and Mensing 2011, p.549
- ^ a b c d Kyle 1982, p.748
- ^ Riddolls and Hancox, 1968 p.882
- ^ Alberts, Fred G. (ed.). Geographic names of the Antarctic (Report). p. 580.
- ^ Rocchi et al. 2024, p.2
- ^ a b Riddolls and Hancox, 1968 p.897
- ^ a b LeMasurier et al. 1990, p.60
- ^ a b c Kyle 1982, p.749
- ^ a b Kim et al. 2019, p.120
- ^ Rocchi et al. 2024, p.2
- ^ a b c d e f g Kyle 1982, p.750
- ^ a b c Smellie and Rocchi 2021, p.369
- ^ LeMasurier et al. 1990, pp.60-62
- ^ Rocchi et al. 2024, p.2
- ^ a b Esser and Kyle 2002, p.415
- ^ a b Kyle 1982, p.751
- ^ Splettstoesser, John F.; Dreschhoff, Gisela A. M., eds. (1990). Mineral Resources Potential of Antarctica. Antarctic Research Series. Vol. 51. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union. p. 119. doi:10.1029/ar051. ISBN 978-0-87590-174-9.
- ^ Ferraccioli, F.; Armadillo, E.; Zunino, A.; Bozzo, E.; Rocchi, S.; Armienti, P. (2009-11-20). "Magmatic and tectonic patterns over the Northern Victoria Land sector of the Transantarctic Mountains from new aeromagnetic imaging". Tectonophysics. Magnetic Anomalies. 478 (1): 46. Bibcode:2009Tectp.478...43F. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.11.028. ISSN 0040-1951.
- ^ Smellie and Rocchi 2021, p.368
- ^ Kyle 1982, p.752
- ^ a b c Kim et al. 2019, p.119
- ^ Kim et al. 2023, p.2
- ^ a b Riddolls and Hancox, 1968 p.884
- ^ a b Kim et al. 2019, p.118
- ^ LeMasurier et al. 1990, p.25
- ^ a b Kyle 1982, p.749,751
- ^ a b Kim et al. 2023, p.3
- ^ Kim et al. 2019, p.142
- ^ Stump 1986, p.335
- ^ Stump 1986, p.306
- ^ a b Esser and Kyle 2002, p.417
- ^ a b c Esser and Kyle 2002, p.418
- ^ Rocchi et al. 2024, p.13
- ^ Agostini, Samuele; Leone, Noemi; Smellie, John L.; Rocchi, Sergio (July 2024). "Magma Differentiation, Contamination/Mixing and Eruption Modulated by Glacial Load—The Volcanic Complex of The Pleiades, Antarctica". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 25 (7): 16. doi:10.1029/2024GC011509.
- ^ Rocchi et al. 2024, p.15
- ^ Aarons, S. M.; Aciego, S. M.; McConnell, J. R.; Delmonte, B.; Baccolo, G. (2019-02-28). "Dust Transport to the Taylor Glacier, Antarctica, During the Last Interglacial". Geophysical Research Letters. 46 (4): 2267. Bibcode:2019GeoRL..46.2261A. doi:10.1029/2018GL081887. hdl:2027.42/148354. ISSN 0094-8276.
- ^ Narcisi, Biancamaria; Petit, Jean Robert; Langone, Antonio; Stenni, Barbara (2016-02-01). "A new Eemian record of Antarctic tephra layers retrieved from the Talos Dome ice core (Northern Victoria Land)". Global and Planetary Change. 137: 69. Bibcode:2016GPC...137...69N. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.12.016. hdl:2027.42/148354. ISSN 0921-8181.
- ^ Curzio, Pietro; Folco, Luigi; Ada Laurenzi, Marinella; Mellini, Marcello; Zeoli, Antonio (2008-03-01). "A tephra chronostratigraphic framework for the Frontier Mountain blue-ice field (northern Victoria Land, Antarctica)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 27 (5): 616. Bibcode:2008QSRv...27..602C. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.11.017. ISSN 0277-3791.
- ^ Koeberl, Christian (1989-04-01). "Iridium enrichment in volcanic dust from blue ice fields, Antarctica, and possible relevance to the K/T boundary event". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 92 (3): 321. Bibcode:1989E&PSL..92..317K. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(89)90056-3. ISSN 0012-821X.
- ^ Licht, K. J.; Dunbar, N. W.; Andrews, J. T.; Jennings, A. E. (1 January 1999). "Distinguishing subglacial till and glacial marine diamictons in the western Ross Sea, Antarctica: Implications for a last glacial maximum grounding line". GSA Bulletin. 111 (1): 100. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0091:DSTAGM>2.3.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606.
- ^ Narcisi, Biancamaria; Petit, Jean Robert; Delmonte, Barbara; Scarchilli, Claudio; Stenni, Barbara (2012-08-23). "A 16,000-yr tephra framework for the Antarctic ice sheet: a contribution from the new Talos Dome core". Quaternary Science Reviews. 49: 59. Bibcode:2012QSRv...49...52N. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.06.011. ISSN 0277-3791.
- ^ Baroni, Carlo; Frezzotti, Massimo; Salvatore, Maria Cristina; Meneghel, Mirco; Tabacco, Ignazio E.; Vittuari, Luca; Bondesan, Aldino; Biasini, Alessandro; Cimbelli, Alessandro; Orombelli, Giuseppe (2004). "Antarctic geomorphological and glaciological 1 : 250 000 map series: Mount Murchison quadrangle, northern Victoria Land. Explanatory notes". Annals of Glaciology. 39: 258. Bibcode:2004AnGla..39..256B. doi:10.3189/172756404781814131. hdl:11577/2460741. ISSN 0260-3055.
- ^ Zielinski, George A. (2003). Collaborative Research: Volcanic Records from the Siple and Taylor Dome Ice Cores, Antarctica (Report). University of Maine Office of Research Administration: Grant Reports. p. 4.
- ^ Lee et al. 2019, p.174
- ^ Dunbar, Nelia W. (2003). "Tephra layers in the Siple Dome and Taylor Dome ice cores, Antarctica: Sources and correlations". Journal of Geophysical Research. 108 (B8): 5. Bibcode:2003JGRB..108.2374D. doi:10.1029/2002JB002056. ISSN 0148-0227.
- ^ Kurbatov, A. V.; Zielinski, G. A.; Dunbar, N. W.; Mayewski, P. A.; Meyerson, E. A.; Sneed, S. B.; Taylor, K. C. (2006). "A 12,000 year record of explosive volcanism in the Siple Dome Ice Core, West Antarctica". Journal of Geophysical Research. 111 (D12): 7. Bibcode:2006JGRD..11112307K. doi:10.1029/2005JD006072. ISSN 0148-0227.
- ^ a b Boutron, Claude (20 December 1980). "Respective influence of global pollution and volcanic eruptions on the past variations of the trace metals content of Antarctic snows since 1880s". Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 85 (C12): 7431. Bibcode:1980JGR....85.7426B. doi:10.1029/JC085iC12p07426.
- ^ LeMasurier et al. 1990, p.51
- ^ Lee et al. 2019, p.175
- ^ Alberts 1995, p. 580.
- ^ Alberts 1995, p. 32.
- ^ Alberts 1995, p. 10.
- ^ Alberts 1995, p. 734.
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