American–Algerian War (1785–1795)

American–Algerian War
	; William Bainbridge paying tribute to the Dey of Algiers in 1800
Date	1785–1795
Location	Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean
Result	Algerian victory United States agrees to pay an annual tribute of $21,600 to Algiers; Establishment of the United States Navy;
Belligerents
Regency of Algiers	United States
Commanders and leaders
Muhammad V ; Raïs Hamidou	George Washington ; Thomas Jefferson
Strength
Unknown	Unknown
Casualties and losses
Unknown	180+ captured ; 1 brig captured ; 53 merchant ships captured

The Algerian–American War was a state of conflict which existed between the Regency of Algiers and the United States that lasted from 1785 to 1795. Occurring after the U.S. became independent from the British Empire as a result of the American Revolutionary War, Algiers declared war on the United States after realizing that American merchant shipping was no longer under the protection of the Royal Navy.

Barbary pirates operating out of Algiers captured 53 U.S. merchant ships and 1 brig along with 180 American sailors, 83 of whom were subsequently ransomed back by the United States government. Since the Continental Navy had been disbanded in 1783, the U.S. had no navy to protect American shipping, and was forced to sue for peace with Algiers in 1795, agreeing to pay an annual tribute of $21,600. The war led to the United States Congress to pass the Naval Act of 1794, which created the United States Navy.

Background

Beginning in the early modern period, Barbary pirates operating out of the Barbary Coast targeted Christian European merchant shipping, capturing and frequently enslaving their crews as part of the Barbary slave trade. Before independence, American merchant shipping was protected by the Royal Navy. But after the United States declared independence, British diplomats informed the Barbary States that U.S. ships were no longer under their protection and in 1785, Algiers declared war on the United States.^[4]

War

In 1785, Algiers, led by Dey Muhammad, declared war on the United States and captured American ships. The financially struggling Confederation Government couldn't afford a navy or the tribute needed for protection. Conversely, negotiations with Morocco went smoothly after initial tensions. Morocco's Sultan Sidi Muhammad had seized a US merchant ship in 1784 but later opted for peaceful trade. The US successfully formed a treaty with Morocco in 1786, yet couldn't satisfy Algiers financially. Thomas Jefferson, then U.S. Minister to France, tried to assemble a coalition against Algiers but failed.^[5] Portugal's conflict with Algiers briefly safeguarded U.S. merchant ships in the Atlantic. In 1793, a Portuguese-Algerian truce left American ships vulnerable, pushing the US to negotiate with the Barbary States.^[6]

Aftermath

US diplomats Joel Barlow, Joseph Donaldson, and Richard O'Brien secured treaties with Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, involving tribute payments.^[7]^[8] The Algiers treaty also released 83 American sailors out of 130 seamen.^[9]

References

^ "Milestones: 1801–1829". Office of the Historian, State Department, United States.
^ David Hunter Miller, ed. (1931). Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America. Vol. 2. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 275, 303.
^ Lawrence (2009). Captives and Countrymen – Barbary Slavery and the American Public, 1785 1816. JHU Press. pp. 15–21. ISBN 978-0801891397.
^ William O. (2009). National Security and Core Values in American History. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780521518598.
^ R. Ainad Tabet (1990). Algérie : passé,présent et devenir. FeniXX réédition numérique. ISBN 9782307234029.
^ Lawrence A.Peskin (2009). Captives and Countrymen Barbary Slavery and the American Public, 1785–1816. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801891397.
^ Grégoire Jeanne (1894). Histoire des États-Unis. C.F. Chamerot. p. 16.
^ Don Philpott (2015). Understanding the Department of State. Bernan Press. p. 267. ISBN 9781598887464.
^ M.A.Khan (2009). Islamic Jihad A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism, and Slavery. iUniverse. p. 342. ISBN 9781440118463.

[1] "Milestones: 1801–1829". Office of the Historian, State Department, United States.

[2] David Hunter Miller, ed. (1931). Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America. Vol. 2. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 275, 303.

[auto-3] Lawrence (2009). Captives and Countrymen – Barbary Slavery and the American Public, 1785 1816. JHU Press. pp. 15–21. ISBN 978-0801891397.

[4] William O. (2009). National Security and Core Values in American History. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780521518598.

[5] R. Ainad Tabet (1990). Algérie : passé,présent et devenir. FeniXX réédition numérique. ISBN 9782307234029.

[6] Lawrence A.Peskin (2009). Captives and Countrymen Barbary Slavery and the American Public, 1785–1816. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801891397.

[7] Grégoire Jeanne (1894). Histoire des États-Unis. C.F. Chamerot. p. 16.

[8] Don Philpott (2015). Understanding the Department of State. Bernan Press. p. 267. ISBN 9781598887464.

[9] M.A.Khan (2009). Islamic Jihad A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism, and Slavery. iUniverse. p. 342. ISBN 9781440118463.

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