Algific talus slopes comprise a very rare, fragile ecosystem and habitat initially believed to exist only in the Driftless Area of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, and especially, Iowa.[1] More recently, other algific talus slopes have been identified in the Allegheny Mountains of West Virginia.[2] It has been suggested that close comparison with similar sites worldwide may enlarge the distribution, or that the term may become restricted to the flora and fauna characteristic of these zones within the Driftless Area.[3]
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Description
editAlgific means "cold producing" while "talus slope" refers to a collection of talus or broken rock which rests near the surface it detached from. A related term is maderate cliff, which is an algific slope lacking talus. They were first described in the early 1980s.[4] These ecosystems can only exist in regions displaying karst topography.
Algific talus slopes are found mainly on north-facing slopes of ridges and canyons and are characterized by crumbly, heavily fissured, and porous exposed bedrock, with an overburden of talus remaining in situ from where it detached from its underlying bedrock; it may also display scree, which is talus finding its narrowest angle of repose down-canyon. This is a "unique system involving ridgetop sinkholes and subterranean ice caves; this system also supports Maderate Cliffs."[1] The valleys in which they occur tend to be very steep, and often have dense forest cover.
Climate
editIn summer, the cooler talus-covered slopes power an air exchange with sinkholes atop the ridge, with warm air entering the sinkhole to an ice cave. The air is cooled and vented on the algific slope. In winter, the airflow is reversed. Cool or cold air is drawn through the algific talus into the ice cave, with flowing water or atmospheric humidity being turned to ice. The air temperature on these slopes ranges from "30 degrees F to 55 degrees F spring to fall".[4]
This causes a cooler, more moist summer environment than that which may occur a relatively short distance away. The result is a rather boreal ecosystem more associated with that found to the north at the Canada–US border. It can also host relict populations not found elsewhere locally. "The vegetative community on algific talus slopes is different than the surrounding forest and typically contains ferns, mosses, liverworts, evergreen species such as Canada yew and balsam fir, birch, basswood, and sugar maple, and boreal disjunct herbs and ferns."[4]
Distribution
editThe only sites in Wisconsin are "the Western Coulee and Ridges Ecological Landscape in western Grant County and are within a few miles of the Mississippi River".[5][6]
The great majority of the protected sites are closed to the general public, and in fact, are notably undocumented on the net, in order to keep them out of the eye of those who would vandalize them.[citation needed] One place that can be visited, however, is Bixby State Preserve, in southwestern Clayton County, Iowa.
Endangered and threatened species
editThe Iowa Pleistocene Snail was believed extinct until it was discovered on algific talus slopes in northeast Iowa in 1955. Placed on the Endangered Species List in 1977, Congress created the Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge in 1989 to protect this species, as well as other threatened and relict species.[7] Much of this refuge was carved out of pre-existing protected areas, most notably the Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge. The Northern monkshood is a threatened wildflower in the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) occurring in the Driftless Area as well as in New York State and receives similar protection. Algific talus slopes have also been posited to harbor rare lichen species.[8]
References
edit- ^ a b Cliff/Talus System: Southern Floristic Region, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Retrieved July 24, 2007
- ^ "West Virginia's Ice Mountain: Where Science Meets Magic". West Virginia’s Ice Mountain: Where Science Meets Magic. US Dept of Energy. 2013-04-29. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
- ^ New York Natural Heritage Program, Retrieved July 24, 2007
- ^ a b c Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Retrieved July 24, 2007 (This is very good source, but can take a long time to download)
- ^ Agific Talus Slopes Archived 2006-10-03 at the Wayback Machine, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Retrieved July 24, 2007
- ^ Western Coulee and Ridges Ecological Landscape Archived 2008-10-19 at the Wayback Machine, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Retrieved July 24, 2007
- ^ "About Us". Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
- ^ Thompson, Kathleen M.; Colbert, James T. (2020-05-26). "Lichens of Iowa's White Pine Hollow State Preserve". Evansia. 37 (2): 31. doi:10.1639/0747-9859-37.2.31. ISSN 0747-9859. S2CID 218890947.
External links
edit- Algific Talus Slope, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Retrieved July 24, 2007
- Mountain Maple Hollow, The Nature Conservancy of Iowa, Retrieved July 24, 2007
- Bill Witt, "An ecosystem frozen in time", Iowa Natural Heritage Foundation, Retrieved July 24, 2007
- [https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/ice-age-midwest-driftless-geology The Ice Age Persists in the Upper Midwest, Where the Hills Breathe, Atlas Obscura, Retrieved May 21, 2021