Bistorta vivipara (synonym Persicaria vivipara) is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the knotweed and buckwheat family Polygonaceae, commonly known as alpine bistort. Scientific synonyms include Bistorta vivipara and Polygonum viviparum. It is common all over the high Arctic through Europe, North America, incl. Greenland, and temperate and tropical Asia.[2] Its range stretches further south in high mountainous areas such as the Alps, Carpathians, Pyrenees, Caucasus, Alaska and the Tibetan Plateau.
| Alpine bistort | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Polygonaceae |
| Genus: | Bistorta |
| Species: | B. vivipara
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| Binomial name | |
| Bistorta vivipara (L.) Delarbre
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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Taxonomy
editMolecular phylogenetic work has demonstrated that the genus Bistorta represents a distinct lineage within the family Polygonaceae.[3] The genus Bistorta contains at least 42 accepted species.[4]
Description
edit
Alpine bistort is a perennial herb that grows to 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) tall. It has a thick rhizomatous rootstock and an erect, unbranched, hairless stem. The leaves are hairless on the upper surfaces, but hairy and greyish-green below. The basal ones are longish-elliptical with long stalks and rounded bases; the upper ones are few and are linear and stalkless. The tiny flowers are white or pink in the upper part of the spike with five perianth segments, eight stamens with purple anthers and three fused carpels. The lower ones are replaced by bulbils. Flowers rarely produce viable seeds and reproduction is normally by the bulbils, which are small bulb-like structures that develop in the axils of the leaves and may develop into new plants. Very often, a small leaf develops when the bulbil is still attached to the mother plant.[5] The bulbils are rich in starch and are a preferred food for rock ptarmigans (Lagopus mutus)[6] and reindeer; they are also occasionally used by Arctic peoples. Alpine bistort flowers in June and July.[5]
Habitat
editAlpine bistort grows in many different plant communities, very often in abundance. Typical habitats include moist short grassland, yards, the edges of tracks, and nutrient-rich fens.[5]
As with many other alpine plants, Alpine bistort is slow-growing and produces embryonic buds one year that grow and open a few years after their formation (flower preformation),[7] with an individual leaf or inflorescence taking three to four years to reach maturity from the time the buds are formed.[8]
Mycorrhiza
editAlpine bistort has been shown to form an ectomycorrhizal root symbiosis with fungi.[9]
Uses
editThe bulbils can be stripped from the lower flower stalks and eaten raw.[10] The young roots are edible raw, while older ones must be cooked.[10] The young leaves can be eaten raw or cooked.[10]
The roots are eaten in Russia, especially by the Samoyed peoples.[11]
In place names
editThe Kokolik River in Alaska is named after Qaqalik, the Iñupiaq name for alpine bistort.[12]
References
edit- ^ "Bistorta vivipara (L.) Delarbre". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
- ^ "Bistorta vivipara (L.) Delarbre". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ Sanchez A, Schuster TM, Kron KA (2009). "A large-scale phylogeny of Polygonaceae based on molecular data". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 170 (8): 1044–1055. doi:10.1086/605121. S2CID 84694521.
- ^ "Bistorta". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
- ^ a b c "Alpine bistort: Bistorta vivipara". NatureGate. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
- ^ Moss R, Parkinson JA (1975). "The digestion of bulbils (Polygonum viviparum L.) and berries (Vaccinium myrtillus L. and Empetrum sp.) by captive ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus)". British Journal of Nutrition. 33 (2): 197–206. doi:10.1079/BJN19750024. PMID 1167787.
- ^ Körner, Christian (2021). "Alpine Plant Life". doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59538-8.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Diggle PK. (1997). "Extreme preformation in alpine Polygonum vivparum: an architectural and developmental analysis". American Journal of Botany. 84 (2): 154–169. doi:10.2307/2446077. JSTOR 2446077. PMID 21712195.
- ^ Read DJ, Haselwandter K (1981). "Observations on the mycorrhizal status of some alpine plant communities". New Phytologist. 88 (2): 341–352. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1981.tb01729.x.
- ^ a b c Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
- ^ Pieroni, Andrea (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 0415927463.
- ^ "Kokolik River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. January 1, 2000. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
