Wikipedia

Otherkin

(Redirected from Alterhuman)
This article is about the subculture. For the band, see Otherkin (band).

Otherkin is a subculture of people who identify as partially or entirely nonhuman. Some otherkin believe their identity derives from non-physical spiritual phenomena, such as having a nonhuman soul[1]: 73–76 [better source needed] or reincarnation.[1]: 57–58  Some otherkin give non-spiritual explanations for themselves, such as unusual psychology or neurodivergence,[1]: 80–86  or as part of dissociative identity disorder or multiplicity.[1]: 76–79  Many otherkin say they are physically human.[2][1]: 66–72 

The otherkin subculture developed primarily as an online community during the 1990s.[1]: 50  It had partly grown out of some small groups of people who described themselves as elves during the 1970s and 1980s.[1]: 49  During the late 2000s, the word has come to be treated as an umbrella term for some other nonhuman identity subcultures.[1]: 107–108 

Etymology

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The word otherkin, in the context of a subculture, was created in July 1990 by participants of the mailing list Elfinkind Digest. It came along with the variant "otherkind," which appeared first in April 1990. It was a more widely inclusive derivative of the mailing list's name. Mailing list participants used both interchangeably for a while.[1]: 50  Over the following decades, the word "otherkin" entered common usage enough to be later added to the principal historical dictionary of the English language. In 2017, the Oxford English Dictionary defined otherkin as "a person who identifies as non-human, typically as being wholly or partially an animal or mythical being."[3][4]

Coincidentally, the word "otherkin" happens to have also existed in the Middle English language. A dictionary of that language, the Middle English Dictionary (1981), gave a definition of the adjective "otherkin" as "a different or an additional kind of, other kinds of".[5] Middle English died out in the late 15th century.[6]

Terms and identities

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The term otherkin includes a broad range of identities. Otherkin may identify as creatures of the natural world, mythology, or popular culture.[7] Examples include but are not limited to the following: aliens, angels, demons, dragons, elves, fairies, horses, foxes, wolves, sprites, unicorns, and fictional characters.[8][9][10][11] Rarer are those who identify as plants, machines, concepts, or natural phenomena such as weather systems.[12]

The term "therian" refers to people who spiritually identify as an animal of the natural world on a non-physical level. The species of animal a therian identifies as is called a theriotype.[13] While therians mainly attribute their experiences of therianthropy to either spirituality or psychology, the way in which they consider their therian identity is not a defining characteristic of therianthropy.[14] The identity "transspecies" is used by some.[15]

Community

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Otherkin communities online largely function without formal authority structures and mostly focus on support and information gathering, often dividing into more specific groups based on kintype.[11] There are occasional offline gatherings, but the otherkin network is mostly an online phenomenon.[11]

The therian and vampire subcultures are related to the otherkin community, and are considered part of it by most otherkin but are culturally and historically distinct movements of their own, despite some overlap in membership.[1] The word alterhuman exists as an umbrella term which intends to encompass all of these subcultures, as well as others such as plurality.[16]

Symbols

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A regular {7/3} heptagram known as the Elven Star or Fairy Star

A common symbol for otherkin is a seven-pointed star, specifically a regular {7/3} heptagram, known as the Elven Star or Fairy Star. Otherkin have used it for decades. For example, one early use of it was by the Silver Elves in an article they published in the summer 1986 issue of Circle Network News.[1]: 52–53 

Religious and spiritual beliefs

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Scholars such as Joseph P. Laycock, assistant professor of religious studies at Texas State University, considers otherkin beliefs to have a religious dimension, but asserts that "the argument that Otherkin identity claims conform to a substantive definition of religion is problematic".[17] Many otherkin themselves reject the notion that being otherkin is a religious belief.[17]

Some otherkin claim to be especially empathic and attuned to nature.[9] Some claim to be able to shapeshift or "shift" mentally or astrally, meaning that they experience the sense of being in their particular form while not actually changing physically.[1][18] Moreover, the claim to be able to physically shift is generally looked down on by the community. They may also describe being able to feel phantom limbs/wings/tails/horns, that coordinates with their kintype.[19] Some otherkin claim to also go through an 'awakening' that alerts them to their kintype.[19]

Many otherkin believe in the existence of a multitude of parallel universes, and their belief in the existence of supernatural or sapient non-human beings is grounded in that idea.[11]

History

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1990s

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A student at the University of Kentucky created the Elfinkind Digest, a mailing list for "elves and interested observers."[1]: 50  Also in the early 1990s, newsgroups such as alt.horror.werewolves (AHWW)[20] and alt.fan.dragons on Usenet, which were initially created for fans of these creatures in the context of fantasy and horror literature and films, also developed followings of individuals who identified as mythological beings.[1][21]

2000s

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On 15 December 2006, the Minneapolis-based newspaper Star Tribune published an article about dragons that included a section about the otherkin blog Draconic.[22] The article took quotes from the mission statement of the blog, written by site founder Chris Dragon.[citation needed]

2010s

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On 7 April 2010, the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter published an article titled "Ibland får jag lust att yla som en varg" (“Sometimes I get the urge to howl like a wolf”) in which Lanina, founder of the Swedish language otherkin and therian forum therian.forumer.com, described the basics of what it's like to be a therian.[23] The article is the first known article to offer a description of "therian" identity by a major European newspaper.

In 2011, the International Anthropomorphic Research Project (IARP), a Canadian-American multidisciplinary research group, expanded the scope of its annual International Furry Survey to include otherkin and therians for the first time.[24]

Research

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Daniell Kirby wrote the first academic paper on otherkin in 2008, which served to introduce the community to other academics.[11] Kirby described otherkin as sharing ideas with the neopagan movement, however she called this an "interim classification", and warned that "to construe this group as specifically neo-pagan or techno-pagan obscures the focus of the participants".[11] Subsequent research has treated the otherkin community as having an essentially religious character.[17][13][25][26]

From 2016 onwards, otherkin research has taken more of a narrative identity approach, investigating how otherkin come to understand their experiences.[27][28][29] Reviewing prior research, Stephanie C. Shea criticizes the prevailing conception of the otherkin subculture as being, or being alike to, either a religion or a spirituality.[30]

In four surveys of furries (n = 4338/1761/951/1065), depending on the sample, between 25% and 44% responded that they consider themselves to be "less than 100% human", compared to 7% of a sample (n = 802) of non-furries surveyed at furry conventions.[31]

Public perception and media coverage

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Outside viewers may have varying opinions about people who identify as otherkin, such as considering them psychologically dysfunctional.[8] Reactions often range from disbelief to aggressive antagonism, especially online.[32]

Otherkin have been called one of the world's most bizarre subcultures,[33] and a religious movement (or a "quasi-religion"[34][page needed]) that "in some of its forms, largely only exists on the Internet".[35] Although otherkin beliefs deviate from the definition of "religion", they share the primary interest in the paranormal.[34][page needed] Joseph P. Laycock argues that the otherkin community serves existential and social functions commonly associated with religion, and regards it as an alternative nomos that sustains alternate ontologies. He feels that the negative public reaction to the subculture may be because of how these beliefs challenge the predominant social worldview.[17] Professor Jay Johnston similarly feels that nonhuman identity "is perhaps not so much pathological as political".[36]

According to Nick Mamatas, they represent a dissatisfaction with the modern world, and they have taken fairy lore out of its original context.[9][needs update?]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Lupa (2007). A Field Guide to Otherkin. Immanion Press. ISBN 978-1-905713-07-3.
  2. ^ Michelle Belanger; Father Sebastiaan (2004). The Psychic Vampire Codex: A Manual of Magick and Energy Work. Weiser Books. p. 274. ISBN 1-57863-321-4. /--/Some feel that their difference is purely spiritual, while others believe there is a genetic difference between themselves and humanity. /--/
  3. ^ "Oxford Dictionary Adds 'Squad Goals,' 'Yas' and 'Drunk Text'". Time. 2017-02-24. Archived from the original on 2023-07-20. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  4. ^ "Otherkin - definition of otherkin in English Oxford Dictionaries". 2017-04-08. Archived from the original on 2017-04-08.
  5. ^ Sherman M. Kuhn (1981). Middle English Dictionary: O.3, Volume 0. University of Michigan Press. p. 344. ISBN 0-472-01153-7.
  6. ^ Fuster-Márquez, Miguel; Calvo García de Leonardo, Juan José (2011). A Practical Introduction to the History of English. [València]: Universitat de València. p. 21. ISBN 9788437083216. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
  7. ^ Michelle Belanger (2007). Vampires in Their Own Words: An Anthology of Vampire Voices. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-7387-1220-8.
  8. ^ a b Isaac Bonewits; Phaedra Bonewits (2007). Real Energy: Systems, Spirits, And Substances to Heal, Change, And Grow. Career Press. pp. 196–197. ISBN 978-1-56414-904-6.
  9. ^ a b c Mamatas, Nick (February 20, 2001). "Elven Like Me: Otherkin Come Out of the Closet". The Village Voice. New York. Archived from the original on 2015-05-16. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  10. ^ Penczak, Christopher (2007). Ascension Magick: Ritual, Myth & Healing for the New Aeon. Llewellyn Worldwide. pp. 416–417, 441. ISBN 978-0-7387-1047-1.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Kirby, Danielle (2006). "Alternative Worlds: Metaphysical questing and virtual community amongst the Otherkin". In Frances Di Lauro (ed.). Through a Glass Darkly: Collected Research. Sydney University Press. ISBN 1920898549. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
  12. ^ Beusman, Callie (August 3, 2016). "'I Look at a Cloud and I See It as Me': The People Who Identify As Objects". Vice Media. Archived from the original on December 22, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  13. ^ a b Robertson, Venetia Laura Delano (2014-01-13). "The Law of the Jungle: Self and Community in the Online Therianthropy Movement". Pomegranate. 14 (2). doi:10.1558/pome.v14i2.256 (inactive 2024-11-13). ISSN 1743-1735.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  14. ^ Laycock, Joseph P. (2012). "We Are Spirits of Another Sort". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 15 (3): 65–90. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.3.65. There is a not a finite list of Otherkin "types," but some of the most common include faeries and elves, vampires, therianthropes (individuals who identify with animals and shapeshifters), angels and demons, and "mythologicals" (legendary creatures such as dragons and phoenixes).
  15. ^ Grivell, Timothy; Clegg, Helen; Roxburgh, Elizabeth C. (2014). "An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Identity in the Therian Community". Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research. 14 (2). Routledge: 113–135. doi:10.1080/15283488.2014.891999. S2CID 144047707.
  16. ^ "Otherkin are the internet's punchline. They're also our future". The Daily Dot. 2020-09-25. Archived from the original on 2020-11-20. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  17. ^ a b c d Joseph P. Laycock. “We Are Spirits of Another Sort”: Ontological Rebellion and Religious Dimensions of the Otherkin Community Archived 2020-06-13 at the Wayback Machine. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. Vol. 15, No. 3 (February 2012), pp. 65–90. University of California Press
  18. ^ Raven Digitalis (2008). Shadow Magick Compendium: Exploring Darker Aspects of Magickal Spirituality. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-7387-1318-2.
  19. ^ a b Baldwin, Clive; Ripley, Lauren (2020-08-07). "Exploring Other-Than-Human Identity: A Narrative Approach to Otherkin, Therianthropes, and Vampires". Qualitative Sociology Review. 16 (3): 8–26. doi:10.18778/1733-8077.16.3.02. hdl:11089/38377. ISSN 1733-8077. S2CID 225433670. Archived from the original on 2023-06-04. Retrieved 2023-06-04.
  20. ^ Chantal Bourgault Du Coudray (2006). The Curse of the Werewolf: Fantasy, Horror and the Beast Within. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-84511-158-3.
  21. ^ Cohen, D. (1996). Werewolves. New York: Penguin Books. p. 104. ISBN 0-525-65207-8.
  22. ^ https://startribune.newspapers.com/image/250367410/
  23. ^ Lerner, Thomas (7 April 2010). ""Ibland får jag lust att yla som en varg"". Dagens Nyheter. Archived from the original on 9 September 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  24. ^ "International Furry Survey: Summer 2011". Furscience. Archived from the original on 2023-05-24. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
  25. ^ Bador, Damien (2019), "J. R. R. Tolkien et Ferdinand de Saussure : un héritage en fiction", Tolkien et la Terre du Milieu, Éditions Rue d’Ulm, pp. 55–74, doi:10.4000/books.editionsulm.4020, ISBN 9782728806799, S2CID 246344364, retrieved 2023-07-15
  26. ^ "Spirituality and self-realisation as 'other-than-human': the Otherkin and Therianthropy communities", Fiction, Invention and Hyper-reality, Inform series, New York: Routledge, pp. 54–71, 2016-11-18, doi:10.4324/9781315582283-11, ISBN 9781315582283, retrieved 2023-07-15
  27. ^ Bricker, Natalie (April 25, 2016). Life Stories of Therianthropes: An Analysis of Nonhuman Identity in a Narrative Identity Model (Thesis). Lake Forest College Publications. Archived from the original on July 15, 2023. Retrieved July 15, 2023.
  28. ^ Baldwin, Clive; Ripley, Lauren (2020-08-07). "Exploring Other-Than-Human Identity: A Narrative Approach to Otherkin, Therianthropes, and Vampires". Qualitative Sociology Review. 16 (3): 8–26. doi:10.18778/1733-8077.16.3.02. hdl:11089/38377. ISSN 1733-8077. S2CID 225433670. Archived from the original on 2023-06-04. Retrieved 2023-06-04.
  29. ^ Shea, Stephanie C. (July 2020). "Exploring Other-Than-Human Identity: Religious Experiences in the Life-Story of a Machinekin". Religions. 11 (7): 354. doi:10.3390/rel11070354. ISSN 2077-1444.
  30. ^ Shea, Stephanie (June 2019). IDENTITY AND BELIEF: An Analysis of the Otherkin Subculture (MA thesis). University of Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 2023-08-20. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
  31. ^ Plante, Courtney N.; Reysen, Stephen; Roberts, Sharon E.; Gerbasi, Kathleen C. (2016). FurScience! A Summary of Five Years of Research from the International Anthropomorphic Research Project (PDF). Waterloo, Ontario: FurScience. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-9976288-0-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-04-21. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
  32. ^ Th'Elf (2006). "Otherkin". In Sebastiaan van Houten (ed.). The Vampyre Almanac 2006. Lulu. ISBN 1-4116-6084-6.
  33. ^ Geoffrey Lancaster; Lester Massingham (2010). Essentials of Marketing Management. Taylor & Francis. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-415-55346-9.
  34. ^ a b Kirby, Danielle (2009). "From Pulp Fiction to Revealed Text: A Study of the Role of the Text in the Otherkin Community". In Christopher Deacy; Elisabeth Arweck (eds.). Exploring Religion And The Sacred in A Media Age. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-6527-4.
  35. ^ Dawson, Lorne L.; Hennebry, Jenna. "New Religions and The Internet: Recruiting in A New Public Space". Essay published in several books:
  36. ^ Johnston, Jay (2013). "On having a furry soul: transpecies identity and ontological indeterminacy in Otherkin subcultures". In Johnston, Jay; Probyn-Rapsey, Fiona (eds.). Animal Death. Sydney University Press. pp. 293–306. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1gxxpvf.23. ISBN 978-1-74332-023-5. JSTOR j.ctt1gxxpvf.23. Archived from the original on 2023-08-17. Retrieved 2023-08-17.

Further reading

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Look up otherkin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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