Amasya Castle (Turkish: Amasya Kalesi), a.k.a. Harşene Castle, is a fortress located in Amasya, northern Turkey.[1][2]
| Amasya Castle | |
|---|---|
| Amasya, Turkey | |
 Amasya Castle | |
  Amasya Castle | |
| Coordinates | 40°39′19″N 35°49′36″E / 40.65528°N 35.82667°E |
| Type | Fortress |
| Site information | |
| Open to the public | Yes |
The castle is located north of Amasya and the river Yeşilırmak on the steep rocks of Mount Harşena.[2]
History
editThe castle was attacked, ruined, and changed hands many times over the course of the Persian, Roman, Pontic and Byzantine eras, and was restored each time. The castle was severely ruined during the battles between the Romans and Pontics. It was substantially restored after the 1075 conquest of Amasya by the Danishmends, an Oghuz Turk dynasty.[3] It remained in use until the 18th century when it lost its military importance.[2]
While fleeing the invading troops of Timur in the first years of the 15th century, Ottoman then-şehzade Çelebi Mehmed took refuge in Amasya Castle.[1]
Description
editThe castle has four gates, named Helkıs, Saray, Maydonos and Meydan. It includes dungeons, cisterns, wells and galleried monumental rock-tombs.[1][2]
The castle has eight-level defensive emplacements outside the castle down to the banks of Yeşilırmak River. The top-level fortification is constructed in ashlar masonry while the defensive walls – two kilometres (1.2 mi) in length – are made of rubble masonry.
A system of rock-carved cisterns and connecting tunnels is situated in the middle of the castle. Several steep stair-tunnels descend from exterior portals on the fortress hillsides to reach the enclosed wells, cisterns, and tombs below. One cistern, the "Cilanbolu", is reached by a tunnel stairway that descends 186 metres (610 ft).[4] This tunnel's diameter is 8 m (26 ft) and it contains 150 steps leading downward. When built, the tunnel had a greater number: the steps at the tunnel's lower reaches have not survived.[5] The Cilanbolu Cistern itself is 300 metres (980 ft) long.[4]
Other landmarks
editBelow the castle stand the ruins of a bastion and a mosque. On the southern hillside, there are ruins of the Kızlar Sarayı (lit. 'Maidens' Palace'), used during the Ottoman period.[1][2]
At about 20–25 m (66–82 ft) height, in a sheer rock face, there are 18 large and small tombs of Pontic kings, dating to the 3rd century BC and carved into the limestone cliff.[1][2]
At about 800 m (2,600 ft) of the ancient fortress walls along the Yeşilırmak River, typical Amasya houses, hamams and mosques were built.[2]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e "Amasya Kalesi" (in Turkish). Amasya İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü. Archived from the original on 2018-09-04. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Amasya (Harşena-Harşene) Kalesi" (in Turkish). Amasya Belediyesi. 2015-03-14. Archived from the original on 2018-09-11. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
- ^ Taeschner, Franz (1960). "Amasya". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 431–432. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0583. OCLC 495469456.
- ^ a b Permanent Delegation of Turkey to UNESCO (13 April 2015), "Mount Harşena and the Rock-tombs of the Pontic Kings", World Heritage Convention: Tentative Lists, UNESCO, archived from the original on 17 February 2024
- ^ "Amasya Kalesi'ndeki 2300 yıllık tünelde balmumu heykeller sergilenecek". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2008-09-01. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
