The America First Party was an isolationist political party which was founded on January 10, 1943.[1] Its leader, Gerald L. K. Smith, was the party's presidential candidate in the 1944 U.S. presidential election.
Background
editParty founder Gerald L. K. Smith had previously been a key part of the Union Party, which eventually split with Smith over his racial and antisemitic views. In the years following the split, Smith acted as an activist and fundraiser for the Republican "Old Guard". Smith adopted their reactionary version of isolationism and eventually sought an alliance with the America First Committee, although they found Smith to be too ideologically focused.[1] However, there was common ground between Smith and the America First Committee regarding Jews and elements of fascism. When the America First Committee disbanded in 1941, some of its associates found their way into Smith's orbit and along with previous associates with the Union Party, founded the America First Party.[1]
1944 election
editIn March 1944, Smith stated that he and his associates in the party favored Charles A. Lindbergh for president of the United States.[2]
Wendell Willkie withdrew from the race for the 1944 Republican presidential nomination on April 5, following his complete loss of the Wisconsin primary in which New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey, Harold Stassen, and General Douglas MacArthur claimed all the delegates.[3] Gerald L. K. Smith proclaimed that the candidate's decision "was a great victory for the America First people."[citation needed] Willkie had stated during the Wisconsin campaign that any candidate who did not repudiate "America First and Gerald L. K. Smith cannot possibly be elected president."[citation needed]
"I hope," Smith said in a statement on April 5, 1944, "that the other possibilities within the party have learned by now that the way to make votes is not to attack Gerald Smith and the America First movement."[4]
Harry H. Bennett, of the Ford Motor Company, in a statement on April 9, 1944, repudiated claims that he said had been made by Smith that America First had the support of Henry Ford.[5]
General Robert E. Wood, former head of the America First Committee, stated in Chicago on April 16, 1944, that there was no connection between the pre-Pearl Harbor organization and the current party led by the Reverend Gerald Smith.[6]
On April 29, 1944, Smith released a statement claiming that Governor Dewey was "Willkie's man", adding that "true nationalists and American Firsters cannot support Dewey-Roosevelt-Willkie internationalism."[7]
Convention
editThe America First party nominated Gerald Smith as its candidate for president on July 31, at its first convention, begun July 29, in Detroit, and chose an electoral college slate to support him. Further, the convention nominated Governor John W. Bricker of Ohio, already the Republican vice-presidential nominee, as Smith's running mate.
Bricker, reached by telephone at Columbus, Ohio, said of the Detroit nomination: "I know nothing about it. I know no one connected with it. I shall not permit my name to be used in any such connection. I am a candidate for vice-president on the Republican ticket only."[8]
Reaction
editAt a night press conference in St. Louis on August 1, Gov. Bricker denounced Smith and the America First party, stating, "The act of Smith, in associating my name with his on a spurious ticket without any notice of any kind whatsoever, is the cheapest of demagoguery. I denounce it and shall not have my name used in any such connection."[9]
Six hours earlier, Gov. Dewey, the Republican presidential nominee, charged in Springfield, Illinois, that Smith had made a "sinister effort to smear"[10] Bricker. Smith, said Dewey, "is one of those rabble-rousers who, like Adolf Hitler, makes racial prejudice his stock in trade."[11]
Bricker, who had arrived in St. Louis for a two-day conference of the 26 Republican governors, told reporters that he had paid very little attention to Smith or his movement until last night, "when he associated my name with his at a meeting of some kind that was held in Michigan."[12]
Bricker added, "I hate demagoguery, religious intolerance and racial prejudice. They can destroy our free government, as they have destroyed liberty around the world. I shall fight them as long as I am in public office or as long as I live.
"The right of religious worship according to one's own conscience is protected to every American citizen in the bill of rights. The men and women of our armed forces are fighting and dying to preserve that precious right. We must preserve it here at home."[citation needed]
In Detroit, Smith said that he was "happy and proud" to share a place with Congressman Hamilton Fish of New York on Dewey's "purge list."[citation needed]
Smith added that Bricker, in "repudiating our sincere desire to mobilize 3,000,000 of our people in his behalf, displays the same weakness he showed when he capitulated unnecessarily to Mr. Dewey in Chicago."[13]
Ultimately, the vice presidential spot on the America First ticket was taken by former Father Coughlin activist Harry Romer.[1]
Election outcome
editThe results of the 1944 presidential election were less than encouraging for America First Party members; of the more than 47,600,000 presidential votes cast, Smith received a mere 1,780, mostly from the states of Texas and Michigan.[citation needed]
Subsequent elections
editThis America First Party was renamed the Christian Nationalist Party in August 1947.[14] Initially, Smith announced that the party would not nominate a candidate for the 1948 election.[14]
In 1948 the Christian Nationalist Party nominated Smith for President and Harry Romer for vice president;[15] according to the website "ourcampaigns.com" this ticket received just 42 votes nationwide.[16] The campaign platform included a full-scale defense of segregation, as well as opposition to civil rights.[1]
In 1952 a rump America First Party nominated Douglas MacArthur for president, and Harry F. Byrd for vice president, without their consent, while the Christian Nationalists nominated MacArthur and crusading anti-Communist California State Senator Jack B. Tenney.[17] This election apparently marked the final time that candidates were fielded by the original Smith movement or its offspring. By this time, Smith and others in the party had become devout anti-Communists, and this worked against the organization's isolationist and non-interventionist ideology.[1]
Later parties
editThe name "America First Party" was used by several later campaigns unconnected to the original party:
- Perennial candidate Lar Daly used it in the 1960 presidential campaign, where he received 1,767 write-in votes.
- Justice Ralph Forbes of London, Arkansas, ran as the "America First Party" candidate in the 1996 presidential campaign with anti-abortion movement leader Andy Anderson as his running mate, winning 932 votes.[18] He had tried unsuccessfully to file as the candidate of his own Freedom Party.[19] Forbes had a reactionary hard-right past, having previously been a campaign manager for David Duke's Populist Party run for the Presidency and had also been an officer in the American Nazi Party.[20]
- In 2002 after Pat Buchanan returned to the Republican Party, many of his campaign supporters also left the Reform Party to form the current America First Party, a paleoconservative party headquartered and with ballot access in Mississippi.[21][22]
See also
edit
Further reading
edit- Jeansonne, Glen Gerald L.K. Smith: Minister of Hate New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Matthew Caverly, Middle Georgia State College. America First Party (1944-1996) - Encyclopedia article. ABC-Clio. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ^ Associated Press, "Lindbergh Favored For Chief Executive", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Sunday 26 March 1944, Volume 50, page 7.
- ^ Associated Press, "Willkie Admits Defeat, Quits Campaign", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Thursday 6 April 1944, Volume 50, page 1.
- ^ Associated Press, "Willkie's Defeat Hailed by Smith Of America First", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Thursday 6 April 1944, Volume 50, page 1.
- ^ Associated Press, "Henry Ford Said Not Backing Gerald Smith", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Monday 10 April 1944, Volume 50, page 1.
- ^ Associated Press, "America First, Smith Said Not Connected", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Monday 17 April 1944, Volume 50, page 4.
- ^ Associated Press, "America Firsters' Chief Calls Dewey 'Willkie's Man", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Sunday 30 April 1944, Volume 50, page 2.
- ^ Associated Press, "Bricker Shrugs Off 'America First' Bid", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Tuesday 1 August 1944, Volume 50, page 1.
- ^ "Dewey rips New Deal on bungling, denounces Smith". Norwalk Reflector Herald. August 2, 1944.
- ^ "'America First' Group Drops Gov. Bricker After His Protest" (PDF). Associated Press. August 2, 1944.
- ^ "The Case of Gerald Smith". New York Times. August 3, 1944.
- ^ "Page 1". Morning Herald (Hagerstown, Maryland). August 2, 1944.
- ^ Associated Press, "Bricker Hotly Denounces Act Of Smith Party", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Wednesday 2 August 1944, Volume 50, page 2.
- ^ a b "America First Party to Change Name", The Salt Lake Tribune, vol. 155, no. 107, p. 4, July 30, 1947
- ^ "Archived copy". Time. Archived from the original on September 9, 2005. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Our Campaigns - US President National Vote Race - Nov 02, 1948". Retrieved July 22, 2016.
- ^ "Archived copy". Time. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Election and voting information".
- ^ "The Times Record - Fort Smith, AR". December 12, 2004. Archived from the original on December 12, 2004. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "falange.us". Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
- ^ "America First Party".
- ^ "America First Party". Library of Congress.