Amino radical

Amino radical
Names
	IUPAC name Azanyl; Aminyl
	Systematic IUPAC name Azanyl (substitutive); Dihydridonitrogen(•) (additive)
	Other names Amidogen; Amino radical
Identifiers
CAS Number	13770-40-6 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:29318 ;
ChemSpider	109932 ;
PubChem CID	123329;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID801029786 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/H2N/h1H2 Key: MDFFNEOEWAXZRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
	SMILES [NH2];
Properties
Chemical formula	NH; 2•
Molar mass	16.0226 g mol−1
Thermochemistry
Std molar; entropy (S⦵298)	194.71 J K−1 mol−1
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	190.37 kJ mol−1
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

In chemistry, the amino radical, ·NH₂, also known as the aminyl or azanyl, is the neutral form of the amide ion (NH−2). Aminyl radicals are highly reactive and consequently short-lived, like most radicals; however, they form an important part of nitrogen chemistry. In sufficiently high concentration, amino radicals dimerise to form hydrazine. While NH₂ as a functional group is common in nature, forming a part of many compounds (e.g. the phenethylamines), the radical cannot be isolated in its free form.^[2]

Synthesis

Reaction 1: Formation of amino radical from ammonia

Amino radicals can be produced by reacting OH radical with ammonia in irradiated aqueous solutions. This reaction is formulated as a hydrogen abstraction reaction.^[3]

NH₃ + ·OH → ·NH₂ + H₂O

The rate constant (k₁) for this reaction was determined to be 1.0×10⁸ M⁻¹ s⁻¹, while the parallel reaction of OH with NH⁺
₄ was found to be much slower. This rate was redetermined by using two-pulse radiolysis competition methods with benzoate and thiocyanate ions at pH 11.4. A value of k₁ = (9 + 1)×10⁷ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ was obtained from both systems. While in acidic solution, the corresponding reaction of ·OH with NH+4 is too slow to be observed by pulse radiolysis.

Reaction 2: Formation of amino radical from hydroxylamine

The amino radical may also be produced by reaction of e⁻(aq) with hydroxylamine (NH₂OH). Several studies also utilized the redox system of Ti^III−NH₂OH for the production of amino radicals using electron paramagnetic resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and polarography.^[3]

Ti^III + NH₂OH → Ti^IV + ·NH₂ + HO⁻

Reaction 3: Formation of amino radical from ammoniumyl

Reduction of hydroxylamine by e⁻(aq) has also been suggested to produce the amino radical in the following reaction.^[3]

·NH+3 ⇌ ·NH₂ + H⁺

The reactivity of the amino radical in this reaction is expected to be pH dependent and should occur in the region of pH 3–7.

Properties

Electronic states

The amino radical has two characteristic electronic states:

The more stable electronic state is ²B₁, where the unpaired electron is in the p-orbital perpendicular to the plane of the molecule (π type radical). The high energy electronic state, ²A₁, has the two electrons in the p-orbital and the unpaired electron in the sp² orbital (σ type radical).^[4]^[5]

Nitrogen centered compounds, such as amines, are nucleophilic in nature. This character is also seen in amino radicals, which can be considered to be nucleophilic species.^[4]^[5]

Spectral properties

The amino radical only exhibits a very low optical absorption in the visible region (λ_max = 530 nm, ε_max = 81 M⁻¹ s⁻¹), while its absorption in the UV (<260 nm) is similar to that of OH. Due to this, it is impractical to determine the rate of reaction of the amino radical with organic compounds by following the decay of the amino radical.

Reactivity

In general, amino radicals are highly reactive and short lived; however, this is not the case when reacted with some organic molecules. Relative reactivities of the amino radical with several organic compounds have been reported, but the absolute rate constants for such reactions remain unknown. In reaction 1, it was hypothesized that the amino radical might possibly react with NH₃ more rapidly than OH and might oxidize NH⁺
₄ to produce the amino radical in acid solutions, given that radicals are stronger oxidants than OH. In order to test this, sulfate and phosphate radical anions were used. The sulfate and phosphate radical anions were found to react more slowly with NH₃ than does the amino radical and they react with ammonia by hydrogen abstraction and not by electron transfer oxidation.^[3]

When the amino radical is reacted with benzoate ions, the rate constant is very low and only a weak absorption in the UV spectra is observed, indicating that amino radicals do not react with benzene rapidly. Phenol, on the other hand, was found to react more rapidly with the amino radical. In experiments at pH 11.3 and 12, using 1.5 M NH₃ and varying concentrations of phenol between 4 and 10 mM, the formation of the phenoxyl radical absorption was observed with a rate constant of (3 + 0.4)×10⁶ M⁻¹ s⁻¹. This reaction can produce phenoxyl radicals via two possible mechanisms:^[3]

Addition to the ring followed by elimination of NH₃, or
Oxidation by direct electron transfer

Rate constants for reaction of NH₂ radicals. These rate constants for the amino radical reactions were measured in a 1978 study by Neta et al. by following the kinetics of formation of the resultant radicals. The observations were made at the absorption maxima of these radicals.^[3]

While the amino radical is known to be weakly reactive, the recombination process of two amino radicals to form hydrazine appears to be one of the fastest. As a result, it often competes with other NH₂ reactions.

NH₂ + NH₂ → N₂H₄

At low pressures, this reaction is the fastest and therefore the principal mode of NH₂ disappearance.^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b "aminyl (CHEBI:29318)". Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI). UK: European Bioinformatics Institute. IUPAC Names.
^ die.net. "Amidogen". Archived from the original on February 21, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Neta, P.; Maruthamuthu, P.; Carton, P. M.; Fessenden, R. W. (1978). "Formation and reactivity of the amino radical". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 82 (17): 1875–1878. doi:10.1021/j100506a004. ISSN 0022-3654.
^ ^a ^b "Amino Radical". NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institute of Science and Technology. 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
^ ^a ^b Koenig, T.; Hoobler, J. A.; Klopfenstein, C. E.; Hedden, G.; Sunderman, F.; Russell, B. R. (1974). "Electronic configurations of amido radicals". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 96 (14): 4573–4577. doi:10.1021/ja00821a036. ISSN 0002-7863.
^ Khe, P. V.; Soulignac, J. C.; Lesclaux, R. (1977). "Pressure and temperature dependence of amino radical recombination rate constant". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 81 (3): 210–214. doi:10.1021/j100518a006.