Amin (Qing dynasty)

Amin
Amin
Personal details
Born	1585
Died	28 December 1640 (aged 54–55)
Parent	Šurhaci (father);

Amin (Manchu: ; Chinese: 阿敏, 1585- Dec. 28, 1640) was a Manchu noble and an important military and political leader in the early years of the Qing dynasty.

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He was the second son of Nurhaci's younger brother Šurhaci of the Aisin Gioro clan.

Biography

Nurhaci's reign

In 1608, and again in 1613, he played an important part in Nurhaci's campaign against the tribes of the Hūlun alliance, namely against Bujantai and the Ula tribe. At first he held the rank of a taiji (Mongol rank of a minor prince). In 1616 when Nurhaci assumed the title of Khan, Amin was named as one of the Four Senior Beile to assist in the administration.^[1] In terms of seniority he held the rank of Second Beile, and was given command of the Bordered Blue Banner. He took part in 1619 in the Battle of Sarhū against the expeditionary force sent by the Ming Court under Yang Hao. In 1621 he fought bravely during the taking of Shenyang and Liaoyang and was of the commanders of the expedition which drove Mao Wenlong from Korea. In 1626, after the death of Nurhaci and the succession of the Fourth Beile, Hong Taiji as khan, Amin and the other two Senior Beile, Daišan and Manggūltai, ruled jointly with Hong Taiji.

Hong Taiji's reign

In 1627 Amin was in command of the expedition to Korea and was successful in forcing the king of Korea to sue for peace.^[2] His aim in subjugating Korea was probably to make himself ruler of that country, but he was opposed by the other princes who had been sent as his assistants, including his own brother, Jirgalang, and his nephews, Dudu and Yoto. When these princes signed separately a treaty with the Korean king, Amin was so angry that he set his troops in Pyongyang free for three days of pillaging.^[3]

In 1629, when Hong Taiji invaded China, Amin was left at Mukden as regent. After Hong Taiji returned to Mukden in April 1630 Amin was sent to Yongping to guard the four cities that had been recently conquered. Amin arrived at Yongping on May 6, but soon the Ming troops counter-attacked and defeated the Manchus in several battles. On June 22, when the Ming troops were approaching Yongping, before fleeing the city with his troops, Amin disobeyed the orders of Hong Taiji by plundering and massacring the population of Yongping. Upon his arrival at Mukden in July 1630, Amin was arrested and tried for fleeing from his post, disobeying orders, for not having confronted the enemy in a single engagement, for losing many of his troops, and for other misdemeanors.^[4] A council of princes and high officials condemned him to death on sixteen counts, but Hong Taiji intervened and commuted his sentence to incarceration. Amin died in prison in 1640.^[5]

Legacy

The fall of Amin cleared the way for Hong Taiji to consolidate his power over the other Manchu princes (the Four Senior Beile). The Bordered Blue Banner which was under Amin's control was given to his younger brother, Jirgalang, a devoted follower of Hong Taiji. From this it is clear that Hong Taiji was still fearful of radically altering the Banner arrangements which his father had designated. However the elimination of Amin as one of the Four Senior Beile made it easier for Hong Taiji to reduce the power of Manggūltai in 1631 and to appropriate for himself the latter's Plain Blue Banner.

Family

Consorts and issue:

Primary consort, of the Hoifa Nara clan, daughter of beile Taishi (台诗)
Second primary consort, of the Hoifa Nara clan, daughter of beile Baindari
Third primary consort, of the Nara clan, daughter of Ezhu (额诸)
Fourth primary consort, of the Jarud Borjigin clan, daughter of beile Heshuoqi (和硕齐)
Fifth primary consort, of the Borjigin clan, daughter of beile Seteli (塞特里)

Issue:

Hongketai (宏科泰), born to Primary Consort, Lady Hoifa Nara
Ai'erli, Defender Duke by Grace (镇国公爱尔礼), born to First Primary Consort, Lady Hoifa Nara
Gu'ermahun, Prince Wenjian of the Fourth Rank (温简贝子固尔玛浑), born to First Primary Consort, Lady Hoifa Nara
Gong'a, Defender Duke by Grace (镇国公恭阿), born to Fourth Primary Consort, Lady Jarud Borjigit
Guogai, Defender Duke by Grace Duanchun (端纯镇国公果盖), born to Fourth Primary Consort, Lady Jarud Borjigit
Guolai, Defender Duke by Grace (镇国公果赖), born to Fourth Primary Consort, Lady Jarud Borjigit

References

^ Frederic E. Wakeman (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 158–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
^ Frederic E. Wakeman (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 163–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
^ Frederic E. Wakeman (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 164–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
^ Frederic E. Wakeman (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 165–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
^ Frederic E. Wakeman (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 166–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.

Literature

Kennedy, George A. (1943). "Amin" . In Hummel, Arthur W. Sr. (ed.). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.

[1] Frederic E. Wakeman (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 158–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.

[2] Frederic E. Wakeman (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 163–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.

[3] Frederic E. Wakeman (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 164–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.

[4] Frederic E. Wakeman (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 165–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.

[5] Frederic E. Wakeman (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 166–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.

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