Amphiprion sandaracinos, also known as the orange skunk clownfish or orange anemonefish, is a species of anemonefish that is distinguished by its broad white stripe along the dorsal ridge. Like all anemonefishes it forms a symbiotic mutualism with sea anemones and is unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the host anemone. It is a sequential hermaphrodite with a strict sized based dominance hierarchy: the female is largest, the breeding male is second largest, and the male non-breeders get progressively smaller as the hierarchy descends.[2] They exhibit protandry, meaning the breeding male will change to female if the sole breeding female dies, with the largest non-breeder becomes the breeding male.[3]
| Orange skunk clownfish | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Blenniiformes |
| Family: | Pomacentridae |
| Genus: | Amphiprion |
| Species: | A. sandaracinos
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| Binomial name | |
| Amphiprion sandaracinos Allen, 1972
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Description
editA. sandaracinos is one of the smaller anemonefish, which grows up to 11 cm (4.3 in) as a female and 3 to 6.5 cm (1.2 to 2.6 in) as a male.[4] Its body has a stock appearance, oval shape, compressed laterally and with a round profile.[5] Its coloration is bright orange, with a white stripe on the dorsal ridge from the superior lip, passing between the eyes and ending at the caudal fin base.[3][4] All the fins have the same coloration as the body except the dorsal fin which is partially white. Its iris is bright yellow.[6]
Distribution and habitat
editA. sandaracinos is found in the center of the Indo-Pacific area, known as the Coral Triangle, from the Philippines to Indonesia and New Guinea.It is also found in north western Australia, Christmas Island, Melanesia and to the Ryukyu Islands of southern Japan.[3][4] A. sandaracinos typically lives in small groups on outer reef slopes or in lagoons at a maximal depth of 20 metres (66 ft).[7]
Host anemones
editThe relationship between anemonefish and their host sea anemones is not random and instead is highly nested in structure.[8] A. sandaracinos is a specialist, being hosted primarily by one out of the ten host anemones:[3][7][8]
- Heteractis crispa Sebae anemone (rarely)
- Stichodactyla mertensii Mertens' carpet sea anemone (usually)
On the northern coast of New Guinea, male A. sandaracinos occasionally breed with the significantly larger female A. chrysopterus and their offspring is the hybrid anemonefish A. leucokranos.[9]
In 2011 3 individuals of A. sandaracinos and a pair of A. clarkii were observed to coexist within one host anemone of Stichodactyla mertensii. A. clarkii was not aggressive towards the A. sandaracinos but was aggressive towards all fish approaching the anemone. The anemonefish didn't divide the host into separate territories.[10]
Feeding
editLike all anemonefish, A. sandaracinos is omnivorous and its diet is based on zooplankton, small benthic crustaceans and algaes.[6]
Conservation status
editAnemonefish and their host anemones are found on coral reefs and face similar environmental issues. Like corals, anemone's contain intracellular endosymbionts, zooxanthellae, and can suffer from bleaching due to triggers such as increased water temperature or acidification. The other threat to anemonefish is collection for the marine aquarium trade where anemonefish make up 43% of the global marine ornamental trade, and 25% of the global trade comes from fish bred in captivity, while the majority are captured from the wild,[11][12] accounting for decreased densities in exploited areas.[13] While bleaching is a significant threat to anemonefish and their host anemones, there is evidence suggesting that collection compounds the localised impact of bleaching.[14] A. sandaracinos was the only species of anemonefish that was evaluated in the 2012 release of the IUCN Red List and it was listed as being of least concern as the threats are mainly of a localised nature and do not pose a significant threat to the global population of this species.[1]
In aquaria
editA. sandaracinos along with their host anemones are collected for the aquarium trade, and the anemonefish has been bred in captivity.[7]
References
edit- ^ a b Curtis-Quick, J. (2010). "Amphiprion sandaracinos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T154812A4639767. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T154812A4639767.en.
- ^ Buston PM (May 2004). "Territory inheritance in clownfish". Proc. Biol. Sci. 271 (Suppl 4): S252–4. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0156. PMC 1810038. PMID 15252999.
- ^ a b c d Fautin, Daphne G.; Allen, Gerald R. (1997). Field Guide to Anemone Fishes and Their Host Sea Anemones. Western Australian Museum. ISBN 9780730983651. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014.
- ^ a b c Lougher, T. (2006). What Fish?: A Buyer's Guide to Marine Fish. Interpet Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-84286-118-9.
- ^ Lieske, E.; Myers, R. (2001). Coral reef fishes. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691089959.
- ^ a b "Amphiprion sandaracinos". Encyclopedia of Life.
- ^ a b c Bray, D.J. (2011). "Orange Anemonefish, Amphiprion sandaracinos". Fishes of Australia. Retrieved 25 Aug 2014.
- ^ a b Ollerton J; McCollin D; Fautin DG; Allen GR (2007). "Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts". Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 274 (1609): 591–598. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3758. PMC 1766375. PMID 17476781.
- ^ Gainsford, A.; van Herwerden, L.; Jones, G.P. (2015). "Hierarchical behaviour, habitat use and species size differences shape evolutionary outcomes of hybridization in a coral reef fish". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 28 (274): 591–598. doi:10.1111/jeb.12557. PMID 25414094.
- ^ Bos, Arthur (2012). "Clownfishes Amphiprion clarkii and A. sandaracinos (Pomacentridae) coexist in the sea anemone Stichodactyla mertensii". Coral Reefs. 30 (2): 369. doi:10.1007/s00338-010-0713-3.
- ^ Dhaneesh, K.V.; Vinoth, R.; Gosh, S.; Gopi, M.; Kumar, T.T. Ajith; Balasubramanian, T. (2013). "Hatchery Production of Marine Ornamental Fishes: An Alternate Livelihood Option for the Island Community at Lakshadweep". In Sundaresan, J. (ed.). Climate Change and Island and Coastal Vulnerability. Vol. 17. pp. 253–265. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6016-5_17. ISBN 978-94-007-6015-8.
- ^ Taylor, M.; Green, E. & Razak, T. (2003). From ocean to aquarium: A global trade in marine ornamental species (PDF). UNEP world conservation and monitoring centre (WCMC). pp. 1–64. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^ Shuman, Craig; Hodgson, Gregor; Ambrose, Richard F. (2005). "Population impacts of collecting sea anemones and anemonefish for the marine aquarium trade in the Philippines". Coral Reefs. 24 (4): 564–573. Bibcode:2005CorRe..24..564S. doi:10.1007/s00338-005-0027-z. S2CID 25027153.
- ^ Jones, A.M.; Gardner, S.; Sinclair, W. (2008). "Losing 'Nemo': bleaching and collection appear to reduce inshore populations of anemonefishes". Journal of Fish Biology. 73 (3): 753–756. Bibcode:2008JFBio..73..753J. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01969.x.
External links
edit
- "Amphiprion sandaracinos". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- Amphiprion sandaracinos. Allen, 1972. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species.
- Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Amphiprion sandaracinos". FishBase. November 2014 version.
- "Orange Skunk Clownfish Profile". saltaquarium.about.com.
- Photos of Orange skunk clownfish on Sealife Collection