Anaphylatoxins, or complement peptides, are fragments (C3a, C4a and C5a) that are produced as part of the activation of the complement system.[2] Complement components C3, C4 and C5 are large glycoproteins that have important functions in the immune response and host defense.[3] They have a wide variety of biological activities and are proteolytically activated by cleavage at a specific site, forming a- and b-fragments.[4] A-fragments form distinct structural domains of approximately 76 amino acids, coded for by a single exon within the complement protein gene. The C3a, C4a and C5a components are referred to as anaphylatoxins:[4][5] they cause smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, histamine release from mast cells, and enhanced vascular permeability.[5] They also mediate chemotaxis, inflammation, and generation of cytotoxic oxygen radicals.[5] The proteins are highly hydrophilic, with a mainly alpha-helical structure held together by 3 disulfide bridges.[5]
| Anaphylotoxin-like domain | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Structure of porcine C5adesArg.[1] | |||||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||||
| Symbol | ANATO | ||||||||||
| Pfam | PF01821 | ||||||||||
| InterPro | IPR000020 | ||||||||||
| SMART | ANATO | ||||||||||
| PROSITE | PDOC00906 | ||||||||||
| SCOP2 | 1c5a / SCOPe / SUPFAM | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Function
editAnaphylatoxins are able to trigger degranulation (release of substances) of endothelial cells, mast cells or phagocytes, which produce a local inflammatory response. If the degranulation is widespread, it can cause a shock-like syndrome similar to that of an allergic reaction.
Anaphylatoxins indirectly mediate:
- smooth muscle cells contraction, for example bronchospasms
- increase in the permeability of blood capillaries
- C5a indirectly mediates chemotaxis—receptor-mediated movement of leukocytes in the direction of the increasing concentration of anaphylatoxins
Examples
editImportant anaphylatoxins:
- C5a has the highest specific biological activity and is able to act directly on neutrophils and monocytes to speed up the phagocytosis of pathogens.
- C3a works with C5a to activate mast cells, recruit antibody, complement and phagocytic cells and increase fluid in the tissue, all of which contribute to the initiation of the adaptive immune response.
- C4a is the least active anaphylatoxin.
Terminology
editAlthough some drugs (morphine, codeine, synthetic ACTH) and some neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, substance P) are important mediators of degranulation of mast cells or basophils, they are generally not called anaphylatoxins. This term is reserved only for fragments of the complement system.
Human proteins containing this domain
editSee also
editReferences
edit- ^ Williamson MP, Madison VS (March 1990). "Three-dimensional structure of porcine C5adesArg from 1H nuclear magnetic resonance data". Biochemistry. 29 (12): 2895–905. doi:10.1021/bi00464a002. PMID 2337573.
- ^ Hugli TE (1986). "Biochemistry and biology of anaphylatoxins". Complement. 3 (3): 111–27. doi:10.1159/000467889. PMID 3542363.
- ^ Fritzinger DC, Petrella EC, Connelly MB, Bredehorst R, Vogel CW (December 1992). "Primary structure of cobra complement component C3". Journal of Immunology. 149 (11): 3554–62. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.149.11.3554. PMID 1431125. S2CID 10452671.
- ^ a b Ogata RT, Rosa PA, Zepf NE (October 1989). "Sequence of the gene for murine complement component C4". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (28): 16565–72. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)84744-0. PMID 2777798.
- ^ a b c d Gennaro R, Simonic T, Negri A, Mottola C, Secchi C, Ronchi S, Romeo D (February 1986). "C5a fragment of bovine complement. Purification, bioassays, amino-acid sequence and other structural studies". European Journal of Biochemistry. 155 (1): 77–86. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09460.x. PMID 3081348.
Further reading
edit- Gerard C, Gerard NP (1994). "C5A anaphylatoxin and its seven transmembrane-segment receptor". Annual Review of Immunology. 12: 775–808. doi:10.1146/annurev.iy.12.040194.004015. PMID 8011297.
- Pan ZK (November 1998). "Anaphylatoxins C5a and C3a induce nuclear factor kappaB activation in human peripheral blood monocytes". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1443 (1–2): 90–8. doi:10.1016/S0167-4781(98)00198-5. PMID 9838061.
External links
edit- Anaphylatoxin at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)