Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yurieva (Russian: Анастасия Романовна Захарьина-Юрьева; 1530 – 7 August 1560) was the tsaritsa of all Russia as the first wife of Ivan IV, the tsar of all Russia. She was also the mother of Feodor I, the last lineal Rurikid tsar of Russia,[note 1] and the great-aunt of Michael of Russia, the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty.
| Anastasia Romanovna | |
|---|---|
 Anastasia Romanovna on the Millennium of Russia monument in Veliky Novgorod | |
| Tsaritsa consort of all Russia | |
| Tenure | 3 February 1547 – 7 August 1560 |
| Predecessor | Elena Glinskaya |
| Successor | Maria Temryukovna |
| Born | 1530 |
| Died | 7 August 1560 (aged 29–30) Kolomenskoye |
| Burial | |
| Spouse | Ivan IV of Russia |
| Issue | Anna [ ru ], Mariya, Dmitry, Ivan, Yevdokia, Feodor I |
| House | Romanov (by birth) Rurik (by marriage) |
| Father | Roman Yurievich Zakharyin-Koshkin |
| Mother | Uliana Ivanovna |
| Religion | Russian Orthodox |
Early life and ancestry
editAnastasia was the daughter of the boyar Roman Yurievich Zakharyin-Koshkin, who served as Okolnichy during the reign of Grand Prince Vasily III. The house of Zakharyin-Yuriev was a minor branch of a noble family that had already been at court. Ivan had met Anastasia before the bride show as her uncle had been one of Ivan's guardians. Anastasia's father was descended from the boyar Feodor "Koshka" ("Cat") Kobyla, fourth son of Andrei Kobyla.[1]: 15 The origins of her mother, Uliana Ivanovna, are unknown.
Anastasia had at least three older siblings – Daniel, Nikita and Anna. Both girls spent most of their childhood and early youth with their mother, and had the traditional upbringing of noblewomen of their rank. Roman Yurievich Zakharyin-Koshkin died on 16 February 1543.
Marriage
editAnastasia was selected as the best bride for Ivan from a large number of suitable mates brought to the Kremlin specifically for the selection process. All the noble families throughout Russia were given an invitation to present their eligible daughters for this purpose (it is said that there were between 500 and 1500 girls to choose from). Anastasia and Ivan's marriage took place on 3 February 1547, at the Cathedral of the Annunciation. She gave birth to a total of six children: Anna, Maria, Dmitry, Ivan, Eudoxia, and Feodor.
It is widely believed that Anastasia had a moderating influence on Ivan's volatile character. Ivan adored Anastasia and never thought to be with any woman but her. Anastasia was not very beautiful, but had a very soft face with a calming influence. She often spoke in a low voice and was very polite. The Tsar himself, in his later years after he married seven times following Anastasia's murder, said that if she had not died, none of the gruesome things he did would have happened.[citation needed] After Anastasia's death, the Tsar's personality changed completely. Sir Jerome Horsey, an agent for the Russia Company and envoy for the English court, wrote in his memoirs about Anastasia and Ivan IV: "He being young and riotous, she ruled him with admirable affability and wisdom".[2] In the summer of 1560, Anastasia fell ill to a lingering illness and died on 7 August. In consequence, Ivan suffered a severe emotional collapse, suspecting that his wife had been a victim of malicious actions and had been poisoned by the boyars. Although he had no evidence of such crimes, he had a number of boyars tortured and executed. Ivan already had a strong dislike of the boyars due to their abusive actions toward him during his childhood. In response to her death, he developed a corps of fearsome black-clad men who terrorized on his behalf, known as the oprichniki.[1]: 16
The examination of Anastasia's remains in the 1990s and at the beginning of the 21st century by archaeologists and forensics experts provided evidence that could sustain her husband's claim.[3][4] Further research using neutron activation analysis confirmed the acute mercury poisoning of Anastasia.[5] While mercury was also used as a cure, leading to some debate around the issue, the levels of mercury found were too high, according to the experts. However, many of the royal remains have high levels of poison in them, suggesting that possibly Anastasia was not maliciously poisoned, but died of medical treatment that used poisonous substances.[6]
Children
edit- Tsarevna Anna Ivanovna of Russia (10 August 1549 – 20 July 1550)
- Tsarevna Maria Ivanovna of Russia (17 March 1551 – ?); died young.
- Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia (October 1552 – 26 June 1553)
- Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia (28 March 1554 – 19 November 1581); heir of Ivan IV, murdered by his father.
- Tsarevna Eudoxia Ivanovna of Russia (26 February 1556 – June 1558)
- Tsar Feodor I of Russia (31 May 1557 – 6 January 1598); Ivan IV's successor.
Legacy
editThrough her marriage to Ivan IV, Anastasia became the link between the two main ruling dynasties in Russian history, the Rurik dynasty and the Romanov dynasty.
Anastasia's brother, Nikita Romanovich, was the father of Feodor Romanov, the first to take the surname Romanov, in honour of his grandfather, father of a tsaritsa.[7] In other words, Feodor Romanov was the first cousin of the last Rurikid tsar, Feodor I. This connection with the derelict dynasty facilitated the election of Feodor's son Mikhail Romanov to the throne after the Time of Troubles.[8]
On 20 August 2010, the Head of the Russian Imperial House, H.I.H. Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia, established the Imperial Order of the Holy Great Martyr Anastasia for women. The Order was established in honor of the Holy Great Martyr Saint Anastasia and in memory of Tsaritsa Anastasia Romanovna. The Order of the Holy Great Martyr Anastasia is granted to women who have distinguished themselves in the areas of charity, culture, medicine, education, science, and other endeavors useful to the nation and society, and who now continue their noble deeds under the patronage of the Head of the Russian Imperial House.[9]
In popular culture
editAnastasia is one of the main characters in the ballet Ivan the Terrible by choreographer Yuri Grigorovich with music by Sergei Prokofiev, which premiered on 20 February 1975, at the Bolshoi Theatre, starring Yuri Vladimirov as Ivan IV and Natalia Bessmertnova as Anastasia. The ballet's plot includes the meeting and marriage of Anastasia and Ivan, her poisoning by boyars, and Ivan's fall into darkness and madness after the loss of Anastasia.[10] The ballet has had several revivals.
In Sergei Eisenstein's 1945 film Ivan the Terrible, she was portrayed by Lyudmila Tselikovskaya.
In a 2020 Russian TV series called The Terrible, Anastasia Romanovna is portrayed by Tatyana Lyalina.
Notes
edit- ^ Vasily IV is often named to be the last Rurikid tsar of Russia, however he was member of House of Shuysky, cadet branch of Rurik dynasty, so it makes Feodor I the last full-fledged Rurikid tsar of Russia.
References
edit
Media related to Anastasia Romanovna at Wikimedia Commons
- ^ a b Simon Sebag Montefiore (2016). The Romanovs: 1613 - 1918 (2016 Hardback ed.). Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 9780297852667.
- ^ Fletcher, Giles; Horsey, Jerome (1856). Bond, Edward Augustus (ed.). Russia at the close of the sixteenth century: comprising, the treatise "Of the Russe common wealth," by Giles Fletcher: and the Travels of Sir Jerome Horsey, now for the first time printed entire from his own manuscript (Reprint of the London ed., 1591, of Fletcher's work, with facsim. of original t.p.). Works issued by the Hakluyt Society; no. 20. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society. p. 157. hdl:2027/coo.31924029863515. OCLC 2474526.
- ^ "Наука: открытия и исследования, космос и авиация, генетика и древние тайны, новое о человеке и природе". Archived from the original on 22 March 2007. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
- ^ Derbyshire, David (14 March 2001). "Mercury poisoned Ivan the Terrible's mother and wife".
- ^ Panova, T. D.; Dmitriev, A. Yu.; Borzakov, S. B.; Hramco, C. (25 January 2018). "Analysis of arsenic and mercury content in human remains of the 16th and 17th centuries from Moscow Kremlin necropolises by neutron activation analysis at the IREN facility and the IBR-2 reactor FLNP JINR". Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters. 15 (1): 127–134. Bibcode:2018PPNL...15..127P. doi:10.1134/S1547477118010132. S2CID 125919815.
- ^ Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2023). The World: A Family History of Humanity. Knopf. p. 509. ISBN 978-0525659532.
- ^ "Romanov dynasty | Definition, History, Significance, & Facts".
- ^ De Madariaga, Isabel (2006). Ivan the Terrible: First Tsar of Russia. Yale: Yale University Press. pp. 131–132. ISBN 0-300-11973-9.
- ^ "Russian Imperial House – the Head of the House of Romanoff has established for women the Imperial Order of St. Anastasia in Honor of the First Tsaritsa of the Romanoff Family, Anastasia Romanovna".
- ^ "Repertoire".