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Anatomy of a Murder

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Anatomy of a Murder is a 1959 American legal drama[2] film produced and directed by Otto Preminger. The screenplay by Wendell Mayes was based on the 1958 novel of the same name written by Michigan Supreme Court Justice John D. Voelker under the pen name of Robert Traver. Voelker based the novel on a 1952 murder case in which he was the defense attorney.[3]

Anatomy of a Murder
Theatrical release poster by Saul Bass
Directed byOtto Preminger
Screenplay byWendell Mayes
Based onAnatomy of a Murder
1957 novel
by Robert Traver
Produced byOtto Preminger
StarringJames Stewart
Lee Remick
Ben Gazzara
Arthur O'Connell
Eve Arden
Kathryn Grant
Joseph N. Welch
George C. Scott
Orson Bean
Russ Brown
Murray Hamilton
Brooks West
CinematographySam Leavitt
Edited byLouis R. Loeffler
Music byDuke Ellington
Production
company
Carlyle Productions
Distributed byColumbia Pictures
Release date
  • July 2, 1959 (1959-07-02) (New York)
Running time
160 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$2 million[1]
Box office$8 million (rentals)[1]

The film stars James Stewart, Lee Remick, Ben Gazzara, Eve Arden, George C. Scott, Arthur O'Connell, Kathryn Grant, Brooks West (Arden's husband), Orson Bean, and Murray Hamilton. The judge was played by Joseph N. Welch, a real-life lawyer famous for dressing down Joseph McCarthy during the Army–McCarthy hearings. It has a musical score by Duke Ellington, who also appears in the film. It has been described by Michael Asimow, UCLA law professor and co-author of Reel Justice: The Courtroom Goes to the Movies (2006), as "probably the finest pure trial movie ever made".[4]

In 2012, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[5][6][7]

James Stewart in the film's trailer

Plot

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Brooks West (left) and James Stewart (right) face one another, as George C. Scott (center) looks on

In the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, small-town lawyer Paul Biegler, a former district attorney who lost his re-election bid, spends most of his time fishing, playing the piano, and hanging out with his alcoholic friend and colleague Parnell McCarthy and sardonic secretary Maida Rutledge.

One day, Biegler is contacted by Laura Manion to defend her husband, US Army Lieutenant Frederick "Manny" Manion, who has been arrested for the murder of innkeeper Bernard "Barney" Quill. Manion does not deny the murder, but claims that Quill raped his wife. Even with such a motivation, getting Manion cleared of murder would be difficult, but Manion claims to have no memory of the event, which suggests he may be eligible for a defense of irresistible impulse—a version of a temporary insanity defense. It is strongly implied that Manion is faking insanity, having been guided to it as a potential defense by Biegler. Biegler's folksy speech and laid-back demeanor hide a sharp legal mind and a propensity for courtroom theatrics that keeps the judge busy maintaining control. However, the case for the defense does not go well, especially as local district attorney Mitch Lodwick is assisted by high-powered prosecutor Claude Dancer from the Attorney General's office.

Furthermore, the prosecution tries at every instance to block any mention of Manion's motive for killing Quill. Biegler eventually manages to get the rape of Laura Manion into the record and Judge Weaver agrees to allow the matter to be part of the deliberations. During cross-examination, Dancer insinuates that Laura openly flirted with other men, including the man she claimed raped her. Psychiatrists give conflicting testimony to Manion's state of mind at the time that he killed Quill. Dancer says that Manion may have suspected Laura of cheating on him because he asked her, a Catholic, to swear on a rosary that Quill raped her. This raises doubt as to whether the act was consensual.

Quill's estate is to be inherited by Mary Pilant, whom Dancer accused of being Quill's mistress. McCarthy learns that Pilant is in fact Quill's daughter, a fact she is anxious to keep secret since she was born out of wedlock. Biegler, who is losing the case, tries to persuade Pilant that Al Paquette, the bartender who witnessed the murder, may know if Quill admitted to raping Laura but Paquette is covering this up, either because he loves Pilant or out of loyalty to Quill. Through Pilant, Biegler is unable to get Paquette to testify on behalf of Manion.

During the trial, Laura claims that Quill tore off her underwear while raping her; the underwear was not found where she alleged the rape took place. Pilant, previously unaware of any details of the case, hears this during the trial and then tells Biegler and later testifies that she found the panties in the inn's laundry room the morning after the alleged rape. Biegler suggests Quill may have attempted to avoid suspicion by dropping the panties down the laundry chute located next to his room. Dancer tries to establish that Pilant's answers are founded on her jealousy. When Dancer asserts forcibly that Quill was Pilant's lover and that Pilant lied to cover this fact, Pilant shocks everyone by stating that Quill was her father. Manion is found not guilty by reason of insanity. After the trial, Biegler decides to open a new practice, with a newly sober McCarthy as his partner.

The next day, Biegler and McCarthy travel to the Manions' trailer park home to get Manion's signature on a promissory note which they hope will suffice as collateral for a desperately needed loan. It turns out the Manions have vacated the trailer park, the superintendent commenting that Laura Manion had been crying. Manion left a note for Biegler, indicating that his flight was "an irresistible impulse", the same justification Biegler used during the trial. Biegler states that Mary Pilant has retained him to execute Quill's estate; McCarthy says that working for her will be "poetic justice".

Cast

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Uncredited

Inspiration

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On July 31, 1952, Lt. Coleman A. Peterson shot and killed Maurice Chenoweth at a tavern in Big Bay, Michigan.[8] Voelker was retained as defense attorney a few days later.[9] Peterson's wife Charlotte had claimed Chenoweth raped and beat her.

The trial started on September 15, 1952,[10] and Assistant Attorney General Irving Beattie assisted Marquette County Prosecuting Attorney Edward Thomas.[11] Voelker used a rare version of the insanity defense called irresistible impulse that had not been used in Michigan since 1886.[12] The jury deliberated for four hours on September 23, 1952, before returning a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity.[13] Two days later, after Peterson was examined by a psychiatrist who judged him sane, he was released.[14]

Peterson and his wife were divorced soon after the trial.[15] Hillsdale Circuit Court Judge Charles O. Arch, Sr. tried the case because of the illness of a local judge.[16]

Production

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The Marquette County Courthouse was used for courthouse scenes.

The film was shot in several locations in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (Big Bay, Marquette, Ishpeming, and Michigamme). Some scenes were filmed in the Thunder Bay Inn in Big Bay, one block from the Lumberjack Tavern, the site of the 1952 murder that inspired much of the novel.[17] The scene of the train was captured at the Ishpeming train station with the arrival of the daily Peninsula 400.[18]

The film was previewed on June 18, 1959, in Chicago,[19] which Variety said was 21 days after filming had finished and a record for a big-budget film.[20] It had its first screening at the Butler Theater in Ishpeming and the Nordic Theater in Marquette on June 29, 1959.[19] The world premiere for the film was held on July 1, 1959, at the United Artists Theater in Detroit.[21]

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Facade of the Lumberjack Tavern, the scene of the actual crime on which the film is based

The film examines the apparent fallibility of the human factor in jurisprudence.[22][23] In various ways all of the human components—the counsel for defense and prosecution, the defendant and his wife, and the witnesses—have their own differing positions on what is right or wrong, and varying perspectives on integrity, justice, morality and ethics. The reliance on credibility of witnesses, and the "finding of facts" based upon those determinations, is the "Achilles heel" of the judicial process.[23]

One controversial legal issue in this film is possible witness coaching, a violation of legal canons. The only plausible legal defense Lt. Manion has—the insanity defense—is virtually spelled out to a befuddled Manion by his prospective counsel,[24] who then temporarily suspends the conversation and suggests that Manion rethink his factual/legal position. Witness coaching by the prosecution is even more blatant as they call in other jail inmates awaiting sentencing to testify against Manion, which is portrayed as subornation of perjury to an extent. The first suggests that the defendant may be concealing the truth and manipulating his story in order to obtain the best possible verdict, and the latter that the prosecution dangled a possible lighter sentence through plea bargain as an incentive to perjury.[4][25]

Reception

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Where the body fell

The language used during the film startled Chicago, Illinois Mayor Richard J. Daley,[19] and his police commissioner. As a result, the film was temporarily banned in the heavily Catholic city.[26] Preminger filed a motion in federal court in Illinois and the mayor's decision was overturned. The film was allowed to be exhibited after the court determined that the clinical language during the trial was realistic and appropriate within the film's context.[27][28] Variety claimed that the film contained words never before heard in American films with the Motion Picture Production Code seal such as "contraceptive", (sexual) "climax" and "spermatogenesis".[20]

In another federal lawsuit in Chicago, the daughter of the real-life murder victim from the 1952 case sued Dell Publishing and Columbia Pictures in July 1960 for libel over accusations that the book and movie "followed [the actual trial] too closely" and portrayed the two women in an unflattering light;[29] the suit was dismissed less than a year later in May 1961.[30]

Anatomy of a Murder has been well received by members of the legal and educational professions. In 1989, the American Bar Association rated this as one of the 12 best trial films of all time. In addition to its plot and musical score, the article noted: "The film's real highlight is its ability to demonstrate how a legal defense is developed in a difficult case. How many trial films would dare spend so much time watching lawyers do what many lawyers do most (and enjoy least) – research?"[31] The film has also been used as a teaching tool in law schools, as it encompasses (from the defense standpoint) all of the basic stages in the U.S. criminal justice system from client interview and arraignment through trial. The film was listed as No. 4 of 25 "Greatest Legal Movies" by the American Bar Association.[32]

The film grossed an estimated $11 million generating $5.5 million in theatrical rentals in the U.S. and Canada.[33][34] It earned rentals of $8 million worldwide.[1]

Film critics have noted the moral ambiguity, where a small town lawyer triumphs by guile, stealth and trickery. The film is frank and direct. Language and sexual themes are explicit, at variance with the times (and other films) when it was produced. The black and white palette is seen as a complement to Michigan's harsh Upper Peninsula landscape.[35] The film is "[m]ade in black-and-white but full of local color".[36]

Bosley Crowther, film critic for The New York Times said, "After watching an endless succession of courtroom melodramas that have more or less transgressed the bounds of human reason and the rules of advocacy, it is cheering and fascinating to see one that hews magnificently to a line of dramatic but reasonable behavior and proper procedure in a court. Such a one is Anatomy of a Murder, which opened at the Criterion and the Plaza yesterday. It is the best courtroom melodrama this old judge has ever seen... . Outside of the fact that this drama gets a little tiring in spots—in its two hours and forty minutes, most of which is spent in court—it is well nigh flawless as a picture of an American court at work, of small-town American characters and of the average sordidness of crime."[37]

Time felt that it was well-paced, well-acted, and that the explicit language was warranted within the film's context.[26]

In June 2008, the American Film Institute revealed AFI's 10 Top 10, the best 10 films in 10 "classic" American film genres, after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. Anatomy of a Murder was selected as the seventh best film in the courtroom drama genre.[38]

Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 100% of 50 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 8.70/10. The site's consensus states, "One of cinema's greatest courtroom dramas, Anatomy of a Murder is tense, thought-provoking, and brilliantly acted, with great performances from James Stewart and George C. Scott."[35]

Awards and nominations

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Award Category Nominee(s) Result Ref.
Academy Awards Best Motion Picture Otto Preminger Nominated [39]
Best Actor James Stewart Nominated
Best Supporting Actor Arthur O'Connell Nominated
George C. Scott Nominated
Best Screenplay – Based on Material from Another Medium Wendell Mayes Nominated
Best Cinematography – Black-and-White Sam Leavitt Nominated
Best Film Editing Louis R. Loeffler Nominated
British Academy Film Awards Best Film from any Source Otto Preminger Nominated [40]
Best Foreign Actor James Stewart Nominated
Most Promising Newcomer to Film Joseph N. Welch Nominated
Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Otto Preminger Nominated [41]
Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture – Drama Nominated [42]
Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama Lee Remick Nominated
Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Joseph N. Welch Nominated
Best Director – Motion Picture Otto Preminger Nominated
Grammy Awards Best Musical Composition First Recorded and Released in 1959 (more than 5 minutes duration) Anatomy of a Murder – Duke Ellington Won [43]
Best Soundtrack Album – Background Score from a Motion Picture or Television Won
Best Performance by an Orchestra – for Dancing Won
Laurel Awards Top Drama Won
Top Male Dramatic Performance James Stewart Won
Top Male Supporting Performance Arthur O'Connell Won
Top Female Supporting Performance Eve Arden 5th Place
National Board of Review Awards Top Ten Films 3rd Place [44]
National Film Preservation Board National Film Registry Inducted [45]
New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Actor James Stewart Won [46]
Best Screenplay Wendell Mayes Won
Online Film & Television Association Awards Hall of Fame – Motion Picture Inducted [47]
Venice International Film Festival Golden Lion Otto Preminger Nominated
Best Actor James Stewart Won
Writers Guild of America Awards Best Written American Drama Wendell Mayes Nominated [48]

Other Honors

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American Film Institute Lists:

Anatomy of a Murder was one of 25 films added to the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress in 2012.[45]

Soundtrack

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Main article: Anatomy of a Murder (soundtrack)
Anatomy of a Murder
 
Soundtrack album by
Duke Ellington
Released1959
RecordedMay 29 and June 1–2, 1959
StudioRadio Recorders, Los Angeles
GenreJazz
LabelColumbia
CS 8166 (stereo) / CL 1360 (mono)
Duke Ellington chronology
Side by Side
(1959) 		Anatomy of a Murder
(1959) 		Live at the Blue Note
(1959)

The jazz score of Anatomy of a Murder was composed by Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn and played by Ellington's orchestra. Several of Ellington band's sidemen, including Jimmy Hamilton, Jimmy Johnson, Ray Nance, and Jimmy Woode appear, and Ellington himself plays the character Pie Eye.[52]

Mervyn Cooke, in the History of Film Music, asserts that despite being heard "in bits and pieces" the score "contains some of his most evocative and eloquent music... and beckons with the alluring scent of a femme fatale." Including small pieces by Billy Strayhorn, film historians recognize it "as a landmark — the first significant Hollywood film music by African Americans comprising non-diegetic music, that is, music whose source is not visible or implied by action in the film, like an on-screen band." The score avoids cultural stereotypes which previously characterized jazz scores and "rejected a strict adherence to visuals in ways that presaged the New Wave cinema of the '60s."[53]

The soundtrack album, containing 13 tracks, was released by Columbia Records on May 29, 1959. A CD was released on April 28, 1995, and reissued by Sony in a deluxe edition in 1999.[54]

Reception

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Detroit Free Press music critic Mark Stryker concluded: "Though indispensable, I think the score is too sketchy to rank in the top echelon among Ellington-Strayhorn masterpiece suites like Such Sweet Thunder and The Far East Suite, but its most inspired moments are their equal."[55] [A]

The AllMusic review by Bruce Eder awarded the album 3 stars and called it "a virtuoso jazz score—moody, witty, sexy, and—in its own quiet way – playful".[56]

Ellington's score won three Grammy Awards in 1959: Best Performance by a Dance Band, Best New Musical Composition, and Best Soundtrack Album.

Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic     [56]
The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings    [58]
The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide     [57]

Stage adaptation

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After Traver's novel was published, St. Martin's Press planned to have it adapted for the stage, intending a Broadway production, which would then be made into a film. Before he died in December 1957, John Van Druten wrote a rough draft of the play adaptation. Some time after that, the publisher then made the film rights available, and these were purchased by Otto Preminger.[59]

Eventually, Traver's book was adapted for the stage in 1963 by Elihu Winer. It premiered at the Mill Run Theater in suburban Chicago, and was published in 1964 by Samuel French.[60]

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On June 29, 2009, journalist and filmmaker John Pepin debuted Anatomy '59: The Making of a Classic Motion Picture on public television stations across the state of Michigan. The anchor station for those broadcasts was WNMU-TV in Marquette, Michigan. The documentary reviews the original incident that spawned the bestselling book Anatomy of a Murder by Robert Traver and the making of Otto Preminger's motion picture. Pepin's documentary debuted on the 50th anniversary of the world premiere of "Anatomy of a Murder" in Ishpeming and Marquette, Michigan; the date was also the birthday of John Voelker. Pepin grew up on Barnum Street in Ishpeming, the same street where Voelker lived and where the Mather Inn was located, which is where the stars of Preminger's film stayed during production. Anatomy '59 features interviews with Anatomy of a Murder actors still alive in 2009, including Ben Gazzara, Kathryn Grant-Crosby, Orson Bean and Don Ross.[61]

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ The score employs a "handful of themes, endlessly recombined and re-orchestrated. Ellington never wrote a melody more seductive than the hip-swaying "Flirtibird", featuring the "irresistibly salacious tremor" by Johnny Hodges on the alto saxophone." A stalking back-beat barely contains the simmering violence of the main title music" The score is heavily dipped in "the scent of the blues and Ellington's orchestra bursts with color."[55]

Citations

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  1. ^ a b c "Wall St. Researchers' Cheery Tone". Variety. November 7, 1962. p. 7.
  2. ^ "Anatomy of a Murder (1959) - Otto Preminger | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related". AllMovie.
  3. ^ "Justice Story: The Murder Behind the Movie". Daily News. New York. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
  4. ^ a b Asimow, Michael (February 1998). "Anatomy of a Murder: The 'Lecture'". Archived from the original on March 3, 2010.
  5. ^ King, Susan (December 19, 2012). "National Film Registry Selects 25 Films for Preservation". Los Angeles Times.
  6. ^ Cannady, Sheryl; Ross, Donna (December 20, 2012). "2012 National Film Registry Picks in A League of Their Own" (Press release). Library of Congress. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  7. ^ National Film Preservation Board. "Complete National Film Registry Listing". Library of Congress. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  8. ^ "Army Officer Held for Murder of Big Bay Tavern Proprietor: 'Mike' Chenoweth, Former State Policeman, Slain Following Alleged Rape". The Mining Journal. Marquette, Michigan. July 31, 1952. p. 1. ISSN 0898-4964.
  9. ^ "Atty. Voelker Retained by Lt. Peterson". The Mining Journal. Marquette, Michigan. August 5, 1952. p. 2. ISSN 0898-4964.
  10. ^ "Judge Arch Allows Motion by Prosecutor for Additional Witness in Murder Case". The Mining Journal. Marquette, Michigan. September 15, 1952. p. 2. ISSN 0898-4964.
  11. ^ Pepin, John (2009). Anatomy '59: The Making of a Classic Motion Picture (DVD). Marquette, Michigan: WNMU-TV.
  12. ^ Thomson, Kimberley Reed (February 2003). "The Untimely Death of Michigan's Diminished Capacity Defense". Michigan Bar Journal. Vol. 82, no. 2. pp. 17–19. ISSN 0164-3576.
  13. ^ "Lt. Peterson Not Guilty Because of Insanity". The Mining Journal. Marquette, Michigan. September 23, 1952. p. 1. ISSN 0898-4964.
  14. ^ "Last Chapter Written in Murder Case: Judge Frees Lt. Peterson from Custody". The Mining Journal. Marquette, Michigan. September 25, 1952. p. 2. ISSN 0898-4964.
  15. ^ Krajicek, David (January 17, 2009). "Killing of Michigan Bar Owner in 1952 Inspired Film Anatomy of a Murder". Daily News. New York. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
  16. ^ "Circuit Court Opens Monday; 58 Cases Listed on Docket". The Mining Journal. Marquette, Michigan. September 6, 1952. p. 5. ISSN 0898-4964.
  17. ^ "John D. Voelker". 50th Anniversary: Anatomy of a Murder. Northern Michigan University. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  18. ^ Keyser, Lloyd A. (2005). Chicago & North Western In Color. Vol. 3. Scotch Plains, NJ: Morning Sun Books. p. 16. ISBN 978-1582481500.
  19. ^ a b c Shaul, Richard D. (November–December 2001). "Anatomy of a Murder" (PDF). Michigan History. Vol. 86, no. 6. p. 89. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2006. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  20. ^ a b "Film Reviews: Anatomy of a Murder". Variety. July 1, 1959. p. 6. Retrieved May 19, 2019 – via Archive.org.
  21. ^ United Artists Press and Marketing. Anatomy of a Murder Premiere (1959). Archived from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2014 – via Online Video Guide.
  22. ^ Frank, Jerome (1973). Courts on Trial. Princeton University Press. pp. 23–24. 318.
  23. ^ a b Thomas, Edward Wilfrid (2006). The Judicial Process: Realism, Pragmatism, Practical Reasoning and Principles. Auckland University Press. pp. 318–324. ISBN 978-0-521-85566-2.
  24. ^ Shaul, Richard D. (November–December 2001). "Backwoods Barrister" (PDF). Michigan History. Vol. 86, no. 6. p. 82. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2006. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  25. ^ Saltzburg, Stephen A. (2006). Trial Tactics. American Bar Association. pp. 225, 231. ISBN 1-59031-767-X.
  26. ^ a b "Cinema: The New Pictures, July 13, 1959". Time. July 13, 1959. Archived from the original on February 1, 2011.
  27. ^ Schumach, Murray (1964). The Face on the Cutting Room Floor. William Morrow and Company. ISBN 978-0306800092.
  28. ^ "Chicago Loses Bid to Censor Movie". The Deseret News. Salt Lake City. July 9, 1959. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  29. ^ "Anatomy of a Murder Target of Libel Suit". Detroit Free Press. July 18, 1960. p. 2B. Retrieved January 19, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.  
  30. ^ "Anatomy of a Murder Libel Suit Dismissed". The News-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. Associated Press. May 17, 1961. § 3, p. 11 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. ^ Verrone, Patric M. (November 1989). "The 12 Best Trial Movies". ABA Journal. Vol. 75, no. 11. pp. 96–100. ISSN 0747-0088. Retrieved June 10, 2015 – via Google Books.
  32. ^ Brust, Richard (August 1, 2008). "25 Greatest Legal Movies". American Bar Association Journal. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
  33. ^ Leigh, Harri (October 21, 2016). "Looking Back at Anatomy of a Murder". Upper Michigan's Source. Negaunee, Michigan: WLUC-TV. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
  34. ^ "1959: Probable Domestic Take". Variety. January 6, 1960. p. 34.
  35. ^ a b "Anatomy of a Murder". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  36. ^ Monaghan, John (January 20, 2009). "The Movie that Put Ishpeming on the Map: UP Plans Events this Summer to Mark 50th Anniversary of Anatomy of a Murder". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009.
  37. ^ Crowther, Bosley (July 3, 1959). "A Court Classic". The New York Times.
  38. ^ a b "AFI's 10 Top 10". American Film Institute. June 17, 2008. Archived from the original on June 19, 2008. Retrieved June 18, 2008.
  39. ^ "The 32nd Academy Awards (1960) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  40. ^ "BAFTA Awards: Film in 1960". British Academy Film Awards. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
  41. ^ "The 12th Annual DGA Awards". Directors Guild of America Awards. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  42. ^ "Anatomy of a Murder". Golden Globe Awards. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  43. ^ "2nd Annual GRAMMY Awards". Grammy Awards. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
  44. ^ "1959 Award Winners". National Board of Review. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  45. ^ a b Meslow, Scott (December 19, 2012). "The 25 Films Added to the National Film Registry in 2012". The Week. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
  46. ^ "1959 New York Film Critics Circle Awards". New York Film Critics Circle. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  47. ^ "Film Hall of Fame: Productions". Online Film & Television Association. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
  48. ^ "Awards Winners". Writers Guild of America Awards. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
  49. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies Nominees" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 13, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2013.
  50. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills Nominees" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 13, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2013.
  51. ^ "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 13, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2013.
  52. ^ "Anatomy of a Murder". Library of Congress. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  53. ^ Cooke, Mervyn (2008). History of Film Music. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-01048-1.
  54. ^ "A Duke Ellington Panorama". Archived from the original on September 9, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2010.
  55. ^ a b Stryker, Mark (January 20, 2009). "Ellington's Score Still Celebrated". Detroit Free Press.
  56. ^ a b Eder, B. "AllMusic Review". AllMusic. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
  57. ^ Swenson, J., ed. (1985). The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide. Random House/Rolling Stone. p. 69. ISBN 0-394-72643-X.
  58. ^ Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 436. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0.
  59. ^ "Anatomy of a Murder 50th Anniversary". Northern Michigan University.
  60. ^ Winer, Elihu (1964). Anatomy of a Murder: A Court Drama in Three Acts. New York: Samuel French. ISBN 0-573-60530-0.
  61. ^ Diem, Christopher (June 27, 2009). "Making History: Documentary Look at Making of a Classic". Anatomy of a Murder 50th Anniversary Special Section. The Mining Journal. Marquette, Michigan. p. 5.

Further reading

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