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Andrew Smith (palaeontologist)

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Andrew Benjamin Smith (born 6 February 1954 in Dunoon, Argyll, Scotland) is a British palaeontologist, known for his research on the palaeontology of echinoderms.[1][2] His cladistic classification of the phylum Echinodermata has become standard.[3]

Andrew Smith
FRS FRSE
Senior Research Scientist, Natural History Museum
Incumbent
Assumed office
1991
Personal details
Born
Andrew Benjamin Smith

(1954-02-06) 6 February 1954 (age 70)
Dunoon, Argyllshire, Scotland
OccupationPalaeontologist

Education and career

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Growing up in Stonehaven on the eastern coast of Scotland, Andrew B. Smith at age 13 was inspired to collect fossils after watching an episode on fossil collection aired on the television programme Blue Peter. On holiday in 1967 he first collected fossils from the Rhaetian age Penarth Group at Watchet, Somerset. In 1968 on holiday in Shetland, he collected a complete fossil of a Devonian fish (Dipterus valenciennesi) — the specimen was put on display at the Shetland Museum in Lerwick. From 1973 to 1976 Smith studied geology at the University of Edinburgh, where he graduated with first class honours. For the summer of 1976 he received, on the recommendation of Euan Clarkson, a Carnegie Award to study echinoid fossil distribution in the Aalenian (Inferior Oolite) of the Cheltenham region of Gloucestershire.[1][4] In autumn 1976 he matriculated as a graduate student in the biology department of the University of Exeter. There he received in 1980 a PhD under the supervision of David Nichols (1930–2020). Smith's PhD thesis involved a breakthrough in echinoid functional morphology through his use of the scanning electron microscope combined with histological preparations and some in vivo research. He published four major papers dealing with links between echinoid skeletal histology and echinoid soft-tissue anatomy. From 1980 to 1982 he worked at the University of Liverpool as a research assistant to Christopher R. C. Paul.[1][5] At the Natural History Museum, London, Smith was a scientific officer from 1982 to 2012, when he retired. During his 30 years of employment at the museum, he was the author or co-author of many papers on the phylogeny, systematics, and taxonomy of echinoderms and gained an international reputation as a leading expert on echinoderm palaeontology.[1][6][7] In 1985 he participated in Western scientists' first geological traverse of the Tibetan plateau.[8] Smith was the co-author, with Claud William Wright, of a twelve-part series of monographs on British echinoid fossils of the Cretaceous.[9] [10]

Smith's research is not strictly limited to echinoderms but also deals with methods of inferring patterns in evolutionary development from the fossil record. With Colin Patterson, he pointed out possible pitfalls in interpreting the fossil record.[1][11] Smith and colleagues assessed mass extinctions such as that at the Cretaceous/Tertiary transition from studies on spiny-shelled fossils.[12][13] He did research on the earliest evolutionary origins of echinoderms[14] and establishing the dates of the evolutionary origins of metazoan body morphologies.[15] He also carried out comparative studies on evolution and species diversification using molecular biological methods[16][17] and dealt with ancient DNA of fossil insects preserved in amber.[18][19][20]

Echinoid Directory

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Andrew B. Smith designed and created a web-based, echinoid-specific approach to systematic zoology and paleontology called "The Echinoid Directory" sponsored by the Natural History Museum, London.[21] The website is driven by the international community of echinoid scientists, who contribute via through a web interface. There are over 2,000 species pages and over 10,000 specimen illustrations.[1]

Awards and honours

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The Linnean Society of London awarded Andrew B. Smith in 1993 the Linnean Society Bicentenary Medal and in 2005 the Zoology Medal. The Geological Society of London award him in 1995 the Bigsby Medal and in 2002 the Lyell Medal.[1] Smith was elected in 1996 a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh[22] and in 2002 a Fellow of the Royal Society. He received in 2004 the Palaeontological Association's Golden Trilobite Award (for best website)[1] and in 2020 the association's Lapworth Medal.[23] In 2005 he was elected a corresponding member of the Paläontologische Gesellschaft.[24]

Selected publications

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Journal articles

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Book chapters

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Books and monographs

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Gale, Andrew (2015). "The research contribution of Dr Andrew B. Smith, BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSE, FRS". In Zamaro, S.; Rábano, I. (eds.). Progress in Echinoderm Palaeobiology. Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, Numero 19. Madrid: Instituto Geológico y Minero de España. pp. 13–16.
  2. ^ "Dr Andrew Smith FRS". The Royal Society; elected 2002{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  3. ^ "Lyell Medal: Andrew Benjamin Smith". The Palaeontological Newsletter. 50: 17–18. 2002.
  4. ^ Smith, Andrew B. (1978). "A comparative study of the life style of two Jurassic irregular echinoids". Lethaia. 11 (1): 57–66. Bibcode:1978Letha..11...57S. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1978.tb01217.x.
  5. ^ Smith, A. B.; Paul, C. R. C. (1982). "Revision of the class Cyclocystoidea (Echinodermata)". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences. 296 (1083): 577–679. Bibcode:1982RSPTB.296..577S. doi:10.1098/rstb.1982.0031.
  6. ^ Smith, Andrew B. (2004). "Phylogeny and Systematics of Holasteroid Echinoids and Their Migration into the Deep-sea". Palaeontology. 47 (1): 123–150. Bibcode:2004Palgy..47..123S. doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00352.x.
  7. ^ Smith, Andrew B. (1998). "What Does Palaeontology Contribute to Systematics in a Molecular World?". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 9 (3): 437–447. Bibcode:1998MolPE...9..437S. doi:10.1006/mpev.1998.0488. PMID 9667992.
  8. ^ Smith, A. B.; Juntao, Xu (1988). "Palaeontology of the 1985 Tibet geotraverse, Lhasa to Golmud". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 327 (1594): 53–105. Bibcode:1988RSPTA.327...53S. doi:10.1098/rsta.1988.0122.
  9. ^ Andrew B. Smith & C. W. Wright British Cretaceous echinoids, Palaeontographical Society Monographs, London, 12 parts, 1989–2012 doi:10.1080/25761900.2022.12131799
  10. ^ Kennedy, W.J. (2006). "C. W. Wright: a most professional amateur". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 117 (1): 9–40. Bibcode:2006PrGA..117....9K. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(06)80028-3.
  11. ^ Patterson, Colin; Smith, Andrew B. (1989). "Periodicity in Extinction: The Role of Systematics". Ecology. 70 (4): 802–811. Bibcode:1989Ecol...70..802P. doi:10.2307/1941349. JSTOR 1941349.
  12. ^ Smith, A. B.; Gallemí, Jaume; Jeffery, C. H.; Ernst, G.; Ward, P. D. (1999). "Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary echinoids from northern Spain: implications for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event". Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of London. Geology Series. 55 (2): 81–137.
  13. ^ MacLeod, N.; Rawson, P. F.; Forey, P. L.; Banner, F. T.; Boudagher-Fadel, M. K.; Bown, P. R.; Burnett, J. A.; Chambers, P.; Culver, S.; Evans, S. E.; Jeffery, C.; Kaminski, M. A.; Lord, A. R.; Milner, A. C.; Milner, A. R.; Morris, N.; Owen, E.; Rosen, B. R.; Smith, A. B.; Taylor, P. D.; Urquhart, E.; Young, J. R. (1997). "The Cretaceous-Tertiary biotic transition". Journal of the Geological Society. 154 (2): 265–292. Bibcode:1997JGSoc.154..265M. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.154.2.0265.
  14. ^ Smith, Andrew B. (2004). "Echinoderm roots". Nature. 430 (6998): 411–412. doi:10.1038/430411a. PMID 15269751.
  15. ^ Smith, Andrew B. (1999). "Dating the origin of metazoan body plans" (PDF). Evolution and Development. 1 (3): 138–142. doi:10.1046/j.1525-142x.1999.99027.x. PMID 11324098.
  16. ^ Smith, Andrew B.; Peterson, Kevin J. (2002). "Dating the Time of Origin of Major Clades: Molecular Clocks and the Fossil Record". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 30: 65–88. Bibcode:2002AREPS..30...65S. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.30.091201.140057.
  17. ^ Smith, Andrew B. (1994). "Rooting molecular trees: Problems and strategies". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 51 (3): 279–292. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1994.tb00962.x.
  18. ^ Smith, Andrew B.; Austin, Jeremy J. "Can geologically ancient DNA be recovered from the fossil record?" (PDF). Geoscientist. 7 (5): 8–11.
  19. ^ Austin, Jeremy J.; Smith, Andrew B.; Thomas, Richard H. (1997). "Palaeontology in a molecular world: The search for authentic ancient DNA". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 12 (8): 303–306. Bibcode:1997TEcoE..12..303A. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01102-6. PMID 21238085.
  20. ^ Austin, Jeremy J.; Ross, Andrew J.; Smith, Andrew B.; Fortey, Richard A.; Thomas, Richard H. (1997). "Problems of reproducibility – does geologically ancient DNA survive in amber–preserved insects?". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 264 (1381): 467–474. doi:10.1098/rspb.1997.0067. PMC 1688388. PMID 9149422.
  21. ^ "The Echinoid Directory". Natural History Museum, London.
  22. ^ "Dr Andrew Smith FRSE". The Royal Society of Edinburgh.
  23. ^ "Medal and Award Winners List | The Palaeontological Association". www.palass.org.
  24. ^ "Corresponding members of the Paläontologische Gesellschaft". 16 April 2024.
  25. ^ Stokes, Robert B. (1985). "Echinoid Palaeobiology. Special Topics in Palaeontology, Volume 1. Andrew Smith". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 60: 65. doi:10.1086/414190.
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