Tetramorium atratulum is a rare workerless socially parasitic ant from the Palaearctic region, which has even been introduced together with its host in North America. This extreme inquiline is represented only by female and pupoid type male individuals, whose morphology and anatomy indicate a highly specialized level of parasitism. The body of males is depigmentated, the cuticle is thin, the petiole and postpetiole are widely connected, and degenerate mandibles, palps, and antennae are observed. Female wing venation is reduced and the occipital region is narrowed. Mature females are typically physogastric and found in queenless host nests.[2]
| Tetramorium atratulum | |
|---|---|
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| T. atratulum male | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Genus: | Tetramorium |
| Species: | T. atratulum
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| Binomial name | |
| Tetramorium atratulum (Schenck, 1852)
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Since, unlike many other obligate social parasites, T. atratulum is never known to coexist with the host colony's fertile queen, every T. atratulum–Tetramorium sp. colony is doomed to survive only the lifespan of the youngest Tetramorium sp. workers. Thus, the parasitic queen has very limited scope for producing alates to secure the next generation, as this time span is often only 2–3 years or fewer. As a result, even within its well-established range, T. atratulum is very scarce, with only a tiny proportion of Tetramorium sp. colonies playing host to this parasite.[citation needed]
Distribution
editIts distribution is local over Eurosiberia and eastern parts of North America, broadly following that of its hosts. It is present but local in southern parts of Great Britain, having first been discovered in the UK by H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe and W. C. Crawley on July 23, 1912, in the New Forest.[citation needed]
Hosts
editAlthough T. atratulum was reported previously mainly in Tetramorium caespitum and T. impurum nests, and was recently found in a nest of T. immigrans[3] (species within the Tetramorium caespitum/impurum complex), it was also recorded from Sicily (Italy) from a nontypical low altitude (300 m) in a nest of T. diomedeum, which is a member of the Tetramorium ferox complex. Future clarification of the complicated taxonomic composition of the Tetramorium caespitum/impurum complex will probably enlarge the number of known host ant species parasitized by T. atratulum.[2]
The only report about T. chefketi as a host of T. atratulum was given by Schulz & Sanetra (2002) as an amendment of the identified material published by Heinze (1987) from Tavşanlı (Turkey, Kütahya district). Tetramorium moravicum was also mentioned in Sanetra & Buschinger (2000) as a possible host of T. atratulum, but without any additional data and references.[2]
References
edit- ^ Social Insects Specialist Group (1996). "Anergates atratulus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. IUCN: e.T1285A3390729. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T1285A3390729.en.
- ^ a b c Lapeva-Gjonova, A.; Kiran, K.; Aksoy, V. (2012). "Unusual Ant Hosts of the Socially Parasitic Ant Anergates atratulus (Schenck, 1852) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 2012: 1–3. doi:10.1155/2012/391525.
- ^ Wagner, H.C.; Arthofer, W (2017). "Light at the end of the tunnel - Integrative taxonomy delimits cryptic species in the Tetramorium caespitum complex". Myrmecological News. 25: 95–129.
- Heinze, J. (1987), "Three species of social parasitic ants new to Turkey", Insectes Sociaux, 34 (1): 65–68, doi:10.1007/bf02224208, S2CID 8309037
- Sanetra, M.; Buschinger, A. (2000), "Phylogenetic relationships among social parasites and their hosts in the ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF), European Journal of Entomology, 97 (1): 95–117, doi:10.14411/eje.2000.017
- Schulz, A.; Sanetra, M. (2002), "Notes on the socially parasitic ants of Turkey and the synonymy of Epimyrma (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)", Entomofauna, 23 (14): 157–172
This article incorporates text from a scholarly publication published under a copyright license that allows anyone to reuse, revise, remix and redistribute the materials in any form for any purpose: Lapeva-Gjonova, A.; Kiran, K.; Aksoy, V. (2012). "Unusual Ant Hosts of the Socially Parasitic Ant Anergates atratulus (Schenck, 1852) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 2012: 1–3. doi:10.1155/2012/391525. Please check the source for the exact licensing terms.
External links
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Media related to T. atratulum at Wikimedia Commons
