Angularis nigra, Latin for 'black angle', also known as open gingival embrasures, and colloquially known as "black triangle", is the space or gap seen at the cervical embrasure, below the contact point of some teeth. The interdental papilla does not fully enclose the space, leading to an aperture between adjacent teeth.[1] This gap has many causes including gingival recession, and gingival withdrawal post-orthodontic work.[2] Interdental "black triangles" were rated as the third-most-disliked aesthetic problem below caries and crown margins.[3] Treatment of angularis nigra often requires an interdisciplinary approach, involving periodontal, orthodontic and restorative treatment.[citation needed] Possible treatments to correct angularis nigra include addition of composite resin in the space,[4] veneer placement, or gum graft.[5] Angularis nigra is generally only treated based on the aesthetic preference of the patient[6] (although serious gum recession may warrant periodontal treatment).
Previously, lack of proper terminology to report this condition was an issue, often colloquially termed the "black triangle"; angularis nigra has been proposed as a term to describe the appearance.
There are several risk factors leading to the development of black triangles. Papillae dimension can be changed due to any of the following reasons:
1. Inter-proximal space between teeth; diverging roots can result in the presence of an interproximal space when the contact point between the two clinical crowns is situated too incisally, diverging roots may also be a result of orthodontic treatment.[7]
2. The increased distance between inter-proximal contact position to bone crest, example to that is the naturally occurring diastema.[8]
3. Gingiva biotype; thick and thin tissues often respond differently to inflammation and trauma,[9][10] thin gingiva is more liable to recession following restoration / crown preparation / periodontal or implant surgery.
4. Patient's age; the gingiva recede with aging which can cause an open gingival embrasure.
5. Periodontal disease and loss of attachment, resulting in recession.
6. Tooth morphology and abnormal crown and restoration shape; a clinical crown that tends to be triangular in shape can also result in partial interproximal space.[11]
References
edit- ^ Burke, S; Burch, J; Tetz, J (1994). "Incidence and size of pretreatment overlap and posttreatment gingival embrasure space between maxillary central incisors". American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 105 (5): 506–11. doi:10.1016/S0889-5406(94)70013-3. PMID 8166102.
- ^ Ikeda, T; Yamaguchi, M; Meguro, D; Kasai, K (2004). "Prediction and causes of open gingival embrasure spaces between the mandibular central incisors following orthodontic treatment". Australian Orthodontic Journal. 20 (2): 87–92. PMID 16429878.
- ^ Cunliffe, Joanne; Pretty, Iain (December 2009). "Patients' ranking of interdental "black triangles" against other common aesthetic problems". The European Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry. 17 (4): 177–181. ISSN 0965-7452. PMID 20158060.
- ^ Lenhard, M (2008). "Closing diastemas with resin composite restorations". The European Journal of Esthetic Dentistry. 3 (3): 258–68. PMID 19655542.
- ^ De Castro Pinto, RC; Colombini, BL; Ishikiriama, SK; Chambrone, L; Pustiglioni, FE; Romito, GA (2010). "The subepithelial connective tissue pedicle graft combined with the coronally advanced flap for restoring missing papilla: A report of two cases". Quintessence International. 41 (3): 213–20. PMID 20213022.
- ^ Clark, D (2008). "Restoratively driven papilla regeneration: Correcting the dreaded 'black triangle'". Texas Dental Journal. 125 (11): 1112–5. PMID 19180945.
- ^ Cho, Hae-Sung; Jang, Hyun-Seon; Kim, Dong-Kie; Park, Joo-Cheol; Kim, Heung-Joong; Choi, Seong-Ho; Kim, Chong-Kwan; Kim, Byung-Ock (October 2006). "The Effects of Interproximal Distance Between Roots on the Existence of Interdental Papillae According to the Distance From the Contact Point to the Alveolar Crest". Journal of Periodontology. 77 (10): 1651–1657. doi:10.1902/jop.2006.060023. ISSN 0022-3492. PMID 17032106.
- ^ "Portuguese Abstract Translations". Implant Dentistry. 23 (5): e87–e93. October 2014. doi:10.1097/id.0000000000000164. ISSN 1056-6163. S2CID 220586634.
- ^ Houston, W. J. B. (1984-08-01). "Textbook of clinical periodontology. Author: Jan Lindhe. Publisher: Munksgaard International Publishers Ltd., Price: D.kr. 460.00". The European Journal of Orthodontics. 6 (3): 234. doi:10.1093/ejo/6.3.234. ISSN 0141-5387.
- ^ SANAVI, FARSHID; WEISGOLD, ARNOLD S.; ROSE, LOUIS F. (May 1998). "Biologic Width and its Relation to Periodontal Biotypes". Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 10 (3): 157–163. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8240.1998.tb00351.x. ISSN 1496-4155. PMID 9759032.
- ^ "Portuguese Abstract Translations". Implant Dentistry. 23 (5): e87–e93. October 2014. doi:10.1097/id.0000000000000164. ISSN 1056-6163. S2CID 220586634.
Further reading
edit- Chow, Yiu Cheung; Wang, Hom-Lay (2010). "Factors and Techniques Influencing Peri-Implant Papillae". Implant Dentistry. 19 (3): 208–19. doi:10.1097/ID.0b013e3181d43bd6. PMID 20523177. S2CID 13875737.