Broad-tipped hermit

Broad-tipped hermit
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
	CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Strisores
Order:	Apodiformes
Family:	Trochilidae
Subfamily:	Phaethornithinae
Genus:	Anopetia; Simon, 1918
Species:	A. gounellei
Binomial name
	Anopetia gounellei; (Boucard, 1891)
Synonyms
	Phaethornis gounellei

The broad-tipped hermit (Anopetia gounellei) is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is endemic to Brazil.^[4]

Taxonomy and systematics

The broad-tipped hermit was for a time placed in the very large genus Phaethornis. It is now placed in the monotypic genus Anopetia. It has no subspecies.^[3]^[4]

Description

The broad-tipped hermit is about 11 to 12.6 cm (4.3 to 5.0 in) long and weighs about 2.6 to 3.4 g (0.092 to 0.12 oz). It is one of the smaller hermit hummingbirds. Its upperparts are bronzy green and its underparts mostly light brownish to ochraceous. It has a black "mask" and white supercilium and malar stripe. It It has a dark brown throat with an orangy border. Its name derives from its bill, whose maxilla is wide and overlaps the mandible. Its two inner pairs of tail feathers are longer than the others, and all have white tips. Unlike some other hermits, the male's and female's bills have similar curvature.^[5]

Distribution and habitat

The broad-tipped hermit is found in northeastern Brazil, in an area roughly from Ceará south to western Bahia and northeastern Minas Gerais. It mostly inhabits somewhat humid caatinga landscapes with dense undergrowth beneath shrubs and trees, but also more open areas such as cerrado. In elevation it ranges from near sea level to about 1,200 m (3,900 ft).^[5]

Behavior

Movement

The broad-tipped hermit is believed to be mostly sedentary, though some small seasonal movements have been observed.^[5]

Feeding

The broad-tipped hermit is thought to be a "trap-line" feeder, visiting a circuit of flowering plants. It feeds on nectar at a large variety of plants, and also on small arthropods.^[5]

Breeding

The broad-tipped hermit's nesting season has not been fully defined but appears to span at least December to February. The few described nests have been cups suspended beneath a leaf. The clutch size is two eggs. Males have been observed incubating the eggs. The species may display in leks.^[5]

Songs and calls

Listen to broad-tipped hermit on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The broad-tipped hermit's song is "a rising and falling bisyllablic series of notes 'si-lew' repeated continuously...[s]ometimes altered with a longer 'suweesi'."^[5]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the broad-tipped hermit as being of Least Concern, though its population size and trend are unknown.^[1] It is "[p]resumably uncommon in general, although regularly seen...[and] occurs in a relatively unthreatened habitat."^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b BirdLife International (2016). "Broad-tipped Hermit Anopetia gounellei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22686985A93134795. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22686985A93134795.en. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
^ ^a ^b Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved August 24, 2021
^ ^a ^b Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 11.2)". Retrieved July 14, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Hinkelmann, C., G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Broad-tipped Hermit (Anopetia gounellei), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.brther2.01 retrieved November 24, 2021