The Antipodean albatross (Diomedea antipodensis) (Māori: Toroa)[4] is a large seabird in the albatross family. Antipodean albatrosses are smaller than snowy albatrosses, and breed in predominantly brown plumage, but are otherwise difficult to distinguish from young snowy albatrosses (snowy albatrosses grow lighter in color with age, while the Antipodean stays darker).
| Antipodean albatross | |
|---|---|
| |
| Diomedea antipodensis antipodensis | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Procellariiformes |
| Family: | Diomedeidae |
| Genus: | Diomedea |
| Species: | D. antipodensis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Diomedea antipodensis | |
| Subspecies | |
|
Diomedea antipodensis antipodensis Robertson & Warham 1992[2] | |
| Synonyms | |
Etymology
editDiomedea antipodensis breaks into Diomedea referring to Diomedes, whose companions turned to birds, and antipodensis, the Latin form of the Antipodes Islands, where they are found.[5]
Taxonomy
editThe Antipodean albatross belongs to the order Procellariiformes. Like all members of this order, they have naricorns, tubular nasal passages on their bill. They also have a unique palate with seven to nine bony plates.[6] One of the great albatrosses of the genus Diomedea, it was only distinguished as a subspecies of the wandering albatross (now the snowy albatross) in 1992 and recognised by some authorities as a full species in 1998. While not all scientists believe it is a full species, retaining it with the wandering albatross, a 2004 study of the mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites of the wandering albatross species complex supported the split. Among the major experts, BirdLife International has split this species,[2] Jim Clements has not yet,[7] and the SACC has a proposal on the table to split it.[8]
Subspecies
editThere are two sub-species; however there was a study in 1998 that suggested splitting this species,[9] though this was not accepted in a 2004 study.[10]
| Image | Subspecies | Distribution |
|---|---|---|
 |
Diomedea antipodensis antipodensis | nominate race, breeds on the Antipodes Islands and Campbell Island[2] |
 |
Diomedea antipodensis gibsoni | breeds on the Auckland Islands[2] |
Description
editThe Antipodean is large, at 110 cm (43 in) in length.[2] Its breeding plumage is brown and white and its juveniles are similar in appearance to the snowy albatross. Breeding females have brown upper parts, and have white vermiculations on their back. Its face, throat, lower breast, and belly are white, and its undertail coverts are brown. Its underwings are also white, but with a dark tip. The bill of a small number of antipodensis, especially immatures and females, has a dusky tip to the lower mandible and can even appear to have a dark cutting edge to the upper mandible, like Amsterdam Island Albatross, especially when strongly backlit. [11]
Breeding males are whiter than females, but not as white as the snowy albatross, and both sexes have a pink bill. The females of the nominate race have a dark brown breast band and the males have a darker cap, tail, and humeral flexure than gibsoni.[2]
Range and habitat
edit| Location | Population | Date | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antipodes Island | 4,635-5,737 pair | 2007 | Declining |
| Auckland Islands | 5,800 pair | 2007 | Declining |
| Campbell Islands | 10 pair | 2007 | |
| Pitt Island | 1 pair | 2004 | |
| Total | 25,000 | 2007 | Declining |
At sea Antipodean albatrosses range across the South Pacific from Australia to as far as Chile, from the Tropic of Capricorn south. The gibsonii seems to range to the east of Auckland Island, and the nominate race ranges to the east to Chile. They breed on the Auckland Islands, Antipodes Islands, and Campbell Island.[2]
Behaviour
editThey feed predominantly on cephalopod and to a lesser extent fish[2] (unlike other albatross species they are not recorded eating any crustaceans), and have been recorded visiting the spawning grounds of the giant cuttlefish off New South Wales. They nest on ridges, slopes, or plateaus, and will build their nest in the open or within patchy vegetation, such as tussock grassland.[2]
Conservation
editThe IUCN classifies this albatross as Endangered,[1] with an occurrence range of 37,400,000 km2 (14,400,000 sq mi); although its breeding range is only 670 km2 (260 sq mi). A 2007 population estimate numbered between 4,635 and 5,757 breeding pairs on Antipodes Island, 5,800 pairs on the Auckland Islands (Adams Island, Auckland Island, and Disappointment Island), and 10 pair on Campbell Island. There has been 1 pair breeding on Pitt Island, Chatham Islands since 2004. This places the total population at 25,300. Both breeding success (25%) and adult survival rates (80% female & 88% male) have been declining.[2]
Pigs and feral cats are hurting the population on Auckland Island and longline fishing is still impacting them. Recent studies have shown that a rise in Tasman Sea temperature may be impacting gibsoni.[2]
Banding has been an ongoing process, and will continue with satellite tracking of the species. Cattle and sheep have been eradicated from Campbell Island, and all the islands are nature preserves and recently became World Heritage Sites. Cats and pigs need to be removed from the Auckland Islands, the fisheries need to be worked with and the ocean temperature fluctuations need to be studied to help this species survive.[2]
Footnotes
edit- ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Diomedea antipodensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22728318A132656045. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22728318A132656045.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o BirdLife International (2008)
- ^ "Loons, penguins, petrels". International Ornithological Congress. Retrieved 2015-01-14.
- ^ "Antipodean albatross | Toroa | New Zealand Birds Online". nzbirdsonline.org.nz. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
- ^ Gotch, A. F. (1995)
- ^ Robertson, C. J. R. (2003)
- ^ Clements, J. (2007)
- ^ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2009)
- ^ Robertson, C. J. R. & Nunn, G. B. (1998)
- ^ Brooke, M. (2004)
- ^ Onley, Derek J.; Scofield, R. Paul (2007). Albatrosses, petrels, and shearwaters of the world. Princeton field guides. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13132-0. OCLC 124076011.
References
edit- BirdLife International (2008). "Antipodean Albatross Diomedea antipodensis - BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. Archived from the original on 2 January 2009. Retrieved 12 Feb 2009.
- Brooke, M. (2004). "Procellariidae". Albatrosses and Petrels Across the World. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-850125-0.
- Burg, T. M.; Croxall, J. P. (2004). "Global population structure and taxonomy of the wandering albatross species complex" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 13 (8): 2345–2355. Bibcode:2004MolEc..13.2345B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02232.x. PMID 15245406.
- Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World (6th ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9.
- Gotch, A. F. (1995) [1979]. "Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels". Latin Names Explained A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 190. ISBN 0-8160-3377-3.
- Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. (Jan 2009). "Proposal (388) to South American Classification Committee: Split Diomedea exulans into four species". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 12 Feb 2009.
- Robertson, C. J. R.; Nunn, G. B. (1998). "Towards a new taxonomy of albatrosses". Albatross Biology and Conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons Ltd. pp. 13–19.
- Robertson, C. J. R. (2003). "Albatrosses (Diomedeidae)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 113–116. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
External links
edit
- Species factsheet - BirdLife International
- Holotype photos - Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa