The Dry Zone theater,[1] also known as the Anyar theater, is one of the theaters of the Myanmar civil war (2021–present), taking place in Myanmar's Dry Zone (or Anyar) region which encompasses the Bamar-majority Sagaing, Magway and Mandalay regions.[2][3] It has been described as the "prime center" of resistance against the junta.[2]
Background
editThe Dry Zone has been the historic heartland of Myanmar and rarely saw armed violence in the modern conflict in Myanmar since 1948 as a predominantly Buddhist and Bamar farming region. This led to the Tatmadaw (the military of Myanmar) to not maintain a heavy presence there.
The fighting in the Dry Zone theater starting in 2021 changed this trajectory. Without the presence of EAOs, the Bamar PDF groups are characterized as local cells acting autonomously towards simple and directed action against the military towards the 2021 coup. In the 2021-2022 dry season, the PDFs began to work more closely together and coordinate towards larger goals.[4]
Timeline
edit2021
editAfter the coup, the Dry Zone saw a "precipitous uptick in violence".[4]
In late November 2021, junta forces ambushed and destroyed a base belonging to Monywa PDF's Squadron 205 near Palin village, Sagaing Region, forcing resistance fighters to flee. The base was the site of a workshop where the PDF had made explosive devices, which were destroyed during the raid.[5] On 9 December 2021, the Myaing PDF in Magway Region ambushed two military vehicles with 3 handmade explosives, claiming to have injured at least 3 soldiers.[6] Salingyi G-Z PDF fighters detonated explosives in another attack on a convoy in Salingyi, triggering an assault on the town by about 100 junta soldiers. The soldiers captured and burnt 10 fighters and one civilian.[7]
In December 2021, the military sent around 150 Airborne Division soldiers in helicopters to the west of Depayin to carry out air assault missions. They surrounded Depayin Township where PDF fighters were positioned.[8] On 13 December, Tatmadaw troops launched an offensive to retake Ke Bar, Ayadaw Township with the assistance of artillery and forced resistance fighters to retreat.[9] On 17 December, the Tatmadaw and a military-backed Pyusawhti militia launched a surprise air assault on Hnan Khar, Gangaw Township in Magway Region killing 20 resistance fighters from the Yaw Defence Force.[10] In late 2021, Myaung PDF resistance forces "seized two boats, an oil vessel and a cargo ship" on the Chindwin River on the grounds that "those on board were unable to demonstrate that the vessels did not belong to the junta".[11]
2022
editAs targeted personnel attacks increased, around 50 Myanmar junta personnel and Pyusawhti militia members were reportedly killed during raids and ambushes by PDF across three townships in Sagaing Region on 9 February 2022.[12] The PDF ambushed flotillas transporting supplies and soldiers, setting at least one flotilla on fire.[13] On 7 February, junta soldiers were killed by local PDF surprise attacks using drones in the Sagaing Region.[14] The PDF also suffered losses, with 12 fighters killed in a battle in Khin-U Township.[15]
Many cities saw violent clashes during Union Day. PDF forces launched an attack in Naypyitaw, the capital city, during the military's celebrations, killing at least 4 junta soldiers.[16] Mandalay also saw civilian guerrilla groups and PDFs in Maha Aung Myay and Pyigyidagun Townships shooting at junta forces and throwing homemade bombs. Tatmadaw troops killed eight guerrilla fighters while raiding two resistance hideouts in retaliation.[17]
2023
editIn October 2023, anti-junta forces launched Operation Taungthaman in the Mandalay Region.[18]
2024
editThe Local PDFs in the Dry Zone are now more interconnected with the NUG. However, they still predominately use hit-and-run tactics.[19]
Humanitarian impact
editAccording to the research group Data for Myanmar, more than 57,183 civilian homes in Anyar have been burned down by junta forces, making up 94% of the total number of civilian homes burned down across the country.[20]
Since 2021, as a result of the state-sponsored violence following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, increasing temperatures, the COVID-19 pandemic, and increasingly-poor harvests, a widespread exodus of Dry Zone residents to other areas of Myanmar has occurred.[21]
Analysis
editSome analysts have "refer[red] to the Anyar theater as part of a broad corridor connecting major insurgents in the northern Kachin State and the western Rakhine State on the Bay of Bengal seaboard, even comparing it with the Ho Chi Minh trail."[22]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Conflict in Myanmar and the International Response (Report). Archived from the original on 31 March 2024.
- ^ a b Ye Myo Hein 2022, p. 7.
- ^ "Military is Weaker Since Coup and Momentum is With the Armed Resistance". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ a b Loong, Shona. "The Dry Zone: an existential struggle in central Myanmar". International Institute for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
- ^ "Military raid destroys resistance base in Monywa, PDF says". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ "Soldiers target villagers after ambush by Myaing PDF". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ "Junta soldiers massacre and burn 11, including teenagers, during raid on village in Sagaing". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ "Junta soldiers murder three more villagers in Depayin". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar military torches 100 homes in Sagaing Region village". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ "At least 20 killed in air raid on Magway village". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ Ye Myo Hein 2022, p. 37.
- ^ "Resistance Fighters Claim To Have Killed Around 50 Myanmar Junta Personnel". The Irrawaddy. 10 February 2022. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
- ^ "Thirty Junta Soldiers reportedly killed in Upper Myanmar". The Irrawaddy. 1 February 2022. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ "38 Junta Soldiers Reported Killed in Upper Myanmar". The Irrawaddy. 7 February 2022. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- ^ "Resistance Fighters Suffer Heavy Losses During Sagaing Clash With Myanmar Junta". The Irrawaddy. 18 February 2022. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ "Junta Soldiers Killed; Social Media Users Boycott Myanmar Coup Leader's Parade". The Irrawaddy. 14 February 2022. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta Claims to Have Killed 8 Resistance Fighters in Mandalay Raids". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ "Myanmar Junta Base Seized in Mandalay: PDF". The Irrawady. 28 November 2023. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024.
- ^ Anyar rising: Myanmar’s Dry Zone PDFs up the ante Frontier Myanmar. September 13, 2024.
- ^ "Traditional Rituals on Hold as Junta Troops Ravage Myanmar's Buddhist Heartland". 10 April 2023. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 2024-02-07.
- ^ Duncan, Kiana (21 July 2022). "Coup, Covid, climate: the triple threat chasing citizens from Myanmar's rice bowl". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
- ^ Ye Myo Hein 2022, p. 35.
Bibliography
edit- Ye Myo Hein (May 2022). "One Year On: The Momentum of Myanmar's Armed Rebellion" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2024.
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