Kambot a.k.a. Ap Ma (Ap Ma Botin, Botin, also Karaube), is a Keram language of Papua New Guinea. Compared to its nearest relative, Ambakich, Kambot drops the first segment from polysyllabic words.[2]
| Kambot | |
|---|---|
| Ap Ma | |
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
| Region | East Sepik Province |
Native speakers | 10,000 (2010)[1] |
Ramu–Keram
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kbx |
| Glottolog | apma1241 |
| ELP | Ap Ma |
Kambot is spoken in Kambot village (4°16′54″S 144°08′22″E / 4.281558°S 144.139582°E), Keram Rural LLG, East Sepik Province.[3][4]
Classification
editKambot was assigned to the Grass family within Ramu by Laycock and Z'graggen (1975). Foley (2005) finds the data does not support this assignment, but re-adds them to the Grass family in 2018.[5] Foley and Ross (2005) agree that the language belongs to the Ramu – Lower Sepik family.[6] Usher restores it to the Ramu family, but closer to the Mongol–Langam languages.
Phonology
editAp Ma consonants are:[5]
p t k ᵐb ⁿd ᶮʤ ᵑg m n ɲ ŋ s r ~ l w j
Pronouns
editFoley (1986) proposed that Kambot had borrowed its pronouns from the Iatmul language of the Sepik family (Ndu languages). His suggestion was that nyɨ 'I' (1sg), wɨn 'thou' (2sg), and nun 'ye' (2pl) are taken from Iatmul nyɨn 'thou', wɨn 'I', and nɨn 'we', with a crossover of person. That is, the Iatmul may have called the Kambot nyɨn "you", and they then used that pronoun for themselves, resulting in it meaning "I". However, Ross (2005) and Pawley (2005) show that the pronoun set has not been borrowed. The Kambot pronouns are indigenous, as they have apparent cognates in Ramu languages. Similarly, the Iatmul pronouns have not been borrowed from Kambot, as they have cognates in other Ndu languages.[6]
| PN | Kambot | Kambaramba | Banaro | Langam | Arafundi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nyɨ | ni | (uŋɡu) | ñi | ñiŋ |
| 2sg | wɨn | wɨ | u | wo | (nan) |
| 2pl | nun | (wɨni) | nu | (wuni) | nuŋ |
References
edit- ^ Kambot at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ "East Keram River - newguineaworld".
- ^ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). "Papua New Guinea languages". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22nd ed.). Dallas: SIL International.
- ^ United Nations in Papua New Guinea (2018). "Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup". Humanitarian Data Exchange. 1.31.9.
- ^ a b Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- ^ a b Andrew Pawley, 2005, Papuan pasts, p 56.
- Foley, William A. (1986). The Papuan Languages of New Guinea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-28621-2. OCLC 13004531.
- Foley, William A. (2005). "Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik–Ramu basin". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
- Pawley, Andrew; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson, eds. (2005). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-562-2. OCLC 67292782.
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.