Lavrio, Lavrion or Laurium (Greek: Λαύριο; Ancient Greek: Λαύρειον (later Λαύριον);[2] from Middle Ages until 1908: Εργαστήρια Ergastiria)[3] is a town in southeastern part of Attica, Greece. It is part of Athens metropolitan area and the seat of the municipality of Lavreotiki.[4][5][6] Laurium was famous in Classical antiquity for its silver mines, which was one of the chief sources of revenue of the Athenian state. The metallic silver was mainly used for coinage. The Archaeological Museum of Lavrion shows much of the story of these mines.
Lavrio
Lavrion Laurium Λαύριο/Λαύριον | |
|---|---|
Settlement | |
 The port of Lavrio | |
  Lavrio Lavrion Laurium Location of the Lavreotiki municipal unit  | |
| Coordinates: 37°42′N 24°3′E / 37.700°N 24.050°E | |
| Country | Greece |
| Administrative region | Attica |
| Regional unit | East Attica |
| Municipality | Lavreotiki |
| Municipal unit | Lavreotiki |
| Elevation | 10 m (30 ft) |
| Population (2021)[1] | |
| • Total | 7,525 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Postal code | 195 xx |
It is located about 60 km SE of Athens city center, SE of Keratea and N of Cape Sounio. Laurium is situated on a bay overlooking the island of Makronisos (ancient times: Helena) in the east. The port is in the middle and gridded streets cover the residential area of Lavrio. GR-89 runs through Lavrio and ends south in Sounio.
History
edit
The modern town of Lavrio is at the site of the ancient village of Thoricus; its name is taken from that of the entire region of the Mines of Laurium.
The earliest evidence for mining dates to the beginning of the Bronze Age, ca. 3200 BC.[7]
Systematic exploitation of mineral resources seem to have begun in the 6th century BC under Peisistratus.[8] After the battle of Marathon, Themistocles persuaded the Athenians to devote the anticipated revenue derived from a major silver vein strike in the mines of Laurion circa 483 BC to expanding the Athenian fleet to 200 triremes, and thus laid the foundation of the Athenian naval power. The mines, which were the property of the state, were usually farmed out for a certain fixed sum and a percentage on the working; slave labour was exclusively employed. An unrecorded number were children. It was a miserable, dangerous, and brief life. As many as 20,000 slaves were employed at the height of the mining. A silver mint (Argyrocopeum) was at Laurion.
Towards the end of the 5th century, the output fell, partly owing to the Spartan occupation of Decelea. But the mines continued to be worked, though Strabo records that in his time the tailings were being worked over, and Pausanias speaks of the mines as a thing of the past. The ancient workings, consisting of shafts and galleries for excavating the ore, and washing tables for concentrating the ore, may still be seen at many locations. There were well engineered tanks and reservoirs to collect rainwater for washing the ore since abundant supplies from streams or rivers was impossible at the site.
The mines were reworked in the late 19th century by French and Greek companies, but mainly for lead, manganese and cadmium. In 1896 a strike from the miners was violently confronted by the mining company's guards resulting in the death of two workers. The miners responded by destroying the company's offices and killing the guards. The government then sent police forces to support the company's interests against the strikers. Further clashes between workers and the police occurred to which the government replied by sending the military against the striking workers resulting in more workers' deaths. The strike ended violently with most of the strikers' demands not being fulfilled and with a military force being permanently established to patrol the miners.[9]
The Mineralogical Museum of Lavrion comprises samples of minerals from the region of Lavrion.
-
Panorama -
Modern Lavrio -
Clocktower -
Technological park -
Statue of 19th-century Italian industrialist Giovanni Battista Serpieri, active here in the mines (sculp. Georgios Vroutos)
Climate
editLavrio, owing to its location in the southern tip of the Athens Riviera, has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh), closely bordering a hot-summer mediterranean (Csa) climate. It has mild winters and hot summers, with particularly warm summer nights. The summer highs are 2 °C lower than in Piraeus and 4 °C lower than in downtown Athens. The driest months are July and August while the rainiest period is during December and January. According to the station of the National Observatory of Athens, Lavrio has not recorded an air frost since 2008.
| Climate data for Lavrio (2008-2024) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 22.9 (73.2) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.3 (73.9) |
27.7 (81.9) |
32.8 (91.0) |
39.3 (102.7) |
42.4 (108.3) |
38.2 (100.8) |
38.7 (101.7) |
33.1 (91.6) |
27.4 (81.3) |
23.7 (74.7) |
42.4 (108.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.1 (57.4) |
15.0 (59.0) |
16.6 (61.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
24.3 (75.7) |
28.7 (83.7) |
31.2 (88.2) |
30.8 (87.4) |
27.7 (81.9) |
23.0 (73.4) |
19.5 (67.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
22.2 (72.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 11.2 (52.2) |
12.1 (53.8) |
13.4 (56.1) |
16.5 (61.7) |
20.7 (69.3) |
25.2 (77.4) |
28.1 (82.6) |
28.0 (82.4) |
24.7 (76.5) |
20.2 (68.4) |
16.8 (62.2) |
13.1 (55.6) |
19.2 (66.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.4 (47.1) |
9.1 (48.4) |
10.3 (50.5) |
13.0 (55.4) |
17.1 (62.8) |
21.7 (71.1) |
25.0 (77.0) |
25.2 (77.4) |
21.7 (71.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
14.1 (57.4) |
10.3 (50.5) |
16.1 (61.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) |
0.6 (33.1) |
0.6 (33.1) |
5.8 (42.4) |
10.8 (51.4) |
14.8 (58.6) |
19.9 (67.8) |
19.6 (67.3) |
14.3 (57.7) |
8.8 (47.8) |
6.6 (43.9) |
2.4 (36.3) |
0.1 (32.2) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 70.8 (2.79) |
47.4 (1.87) |
39.4 (1.55) |
20.3 (0.80) |
6.2 (0.24) |
11.3 (0.44) |
2.9 (0.11) |
0.3 (0.01) |
22.5 (0.89) |
27.5 (1.08) |
54.3 (2.14) |
77.5 (3.05) |
380.4 (14.97) |
| Source 1: National Observatory of Athens Monthly Bulletins (Oct 2008 - Oct 2024) [10] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Lavrio N.O.A station [11] | |||||||||||||
Facilities
editThe Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport is 35 km away from Lavrio or about 30 minutes drive. Lavrio is connected to Athens by car using the Lavrio/Sounio Leoforos (Highway) and then Attiki Odos. This trip takes about an hour. A quite convenient solution to go to Athens is to "park and drive". Drive from Lavrio to Koropi Train Station and there take the suburban railway or metro that goes straight to Athens center. (30 minutes drive + 30 minutes train)
Lavrio was the terminal station of the Athens-Lavrion Railway, which was abandoned in 1957.
The mining town of Laurium, Michigan was named after the famous Greek Laurium.
Sports
editLaurium hosts the football club Olympiacos Laurium, which played in the Gamma Ethniki in the past, and the basketball club Lavrio B.C., which plays in the Basket League.
| Sport clubs based in Laurium | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Club | Founded | Sports | Achievements |
| Olympiacos Laurium | 1926 | Football | Previous presence in Gamma Ethniki |
| Lavrio B.C. | 1990 | Basketball | Current presence in Basket League |
Twin towns
edit
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
- ^ Liddell, Scott, Jones, Greek Lexicon.
- ^ "EETAA local government changes". eetaa.gr. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
- ^ "ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
- ^ NWC. "Map of Athens: offline map and detailed map of Athens city". athensmap360.com. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
- ^ "Athens Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
- ^ "Newly Discovered Greek Silver Mine Rewrites History - GreekReporter.com". greece.greekreporter.com. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
- ^ Wood, J.R. (2022). "Other ways to examine the finances behind the birth of Classical Greece". Archaeometry. 65 (3): 570–586. doi:10.1111/arcm.12839. S2CID 253075525.
- ^ "Η απεργία των μεταλλωρύχων στο Λαύριο το 1896. Τέσσερις εργάτες δολοφονήθηκαν και η κυβέρνηση έστειλε στρατό και πλοία για να καταστείλει την απεργία". ΜΗΧΑΝΗ ΤΟΥ ΧΡΟΝΟΥ (in Greek). 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
- ^ "Meteo.gr - Προγνώσεις καιρού για όλη την Ελλάδα".
- ^ "Latest Conditions in Lavrio - Greece".
Sources
edit- Édouard Ardaillon, "Les Mines du Laurion dans l'antiquité", No. Ixxvii. of the Bibliothéque des Ecoles francaises d'Athênes et de Rome.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Laurium (Greece)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 287.
External links
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