Ardat-lilî (Sumerian: kisikillilla[1]) was a Mesopotamian demon. She is described as the ghost of a young woman who died without experiencing sexual fulfillment or getting married, and as a result attempts to seduce young men. She is one of the members of the category of lil demons, who were considered subjects of Pazuzu. A text placing her in the entourage of the god Erra is also known. Incantations directed against her are attested as early as in the Old Babylonian period. References to her are also known from other genres of texts.
Name
editIn addition to the standard form ardat-lilî, the variant wardat-lilîm appears in Old Babylonian sources.[2] The name can be translated as "girl of the wind"[3] or "phantom bride".[4] The second half is derived from the Akkadian word lilû, a loanword from Sumerian LIL2, which in turn depending on context can refer to winds, ghosts or demons.[3] It is possible that through folk etymologies it additionally came to be connected with Akkadian lilâtu, "night".[5]
Ardat-lilî was also known under the Sumerian version of her name, kisikillilla or kisikillillaenna.[1] However, Markham J. Geller notes that in bilingual incantations kisikillilla corresponds to a different demon, lilītu, while the Sumerian translation of ardat-lilî used in them kisikil-uddakarra, "maiden who the storm demon chose".[6] However, this convention is not followed in an Old Babylonian lexical list, where kisikil uddakarra is given as the Sumerian name of a different demon, pāšittum.[7][a] Despite phonetic similarities, the theonym Kilili is not related to kisikillila.[10][b]
Character
editWhile demons were typically less well defined than deities in Mesopotamian beliefs,[12] Daniel Schwemer stresses that in the case of ardat-lilî it is nonetheless possible to speak of a "detailed, standardized set of motifs".[13] Lorenzo Verderame notes that she was believed to have an "appealing" appearance, in contrast with other demons, who could be described as faceless, "ever-changing" (uttakkarū) or "strange" (nakru)[14] She belonged to a class of supernatural beings designated by the term lil.[4] It also included figures such as eṭel-lilî ("phantom bridegroom"), lilītu ("female phantom"), lilû ("male phantom") and possibly naššuqītu ("phantom kisser").[15] Additionally, Pazuzu was referred to as the king of the lil.[16][c]
The lil demons were believed to be the ghosts of young people who died sexually unfulfilled.[4] Incantations focused on ardat-lilî accordingly describe her as a being who has never had sex, never got married and as a result had no family.[19] A single incantation additionally states that while still alive, ardat-lilî was unable to partake in a festival (isinnu) alongside other girls, which according to Julia Krul is most likely an allusion to a specific unidentified event which was focused on young women, as opposed to a general reference to religious celebrations.[20]
Ardat-lilî was believed to typically target young men, acting as a demonic seductress.[21] Her role can be compared to that of a succubus.[22] In a number of cases, exorcism formulas prescribe a mock marriage as a solution to problems caused by her.[23]
No evidence exists for any association between ardat-lilî and children.[24]
Attestations
editIncantations
editIncantations dealing with ardat-lilî were already known in the Old Babylonian period.[21] The standard texts are bilingual, with Sumerian and Akkadian versions of the same formula listed side by side.[25] One of the early examples places her in the entourage of Erra.[24]
Ardat-lilî is also mentioned in incantations from the series Udug Hul.[26] Markham J. Geller notes there is a degree of textual overlap between this corpus and independent ardat-lilî incantations.[27] She appears for example in a formula meant to prevent various demons from approaching their victims on tablet 6.[28] However, on tablet 5 ardat-lilî is herself described as a victim of another demon and is placed under the protection of Ishtar.[29] The incantation is instead aimed against the utukku and alû.[30]
Ardat-lilî appears alongside lilû and lilītu in an incantation targeting mimma lemnu,[31] "any evil", a personification of a formula referring to any possible cause of harm which has befallen a person.[13] Specific well known demons and illnesses are singled out as possible sources, but the cause ultimately remains undefined.[32] The formula was originally written in the seventh century by Nabû-kabti-aḫḫēšu, an exorcist from the temple of Ashur in Assur.[13] Later copies have been discovered during excavations of Uruk and Babylon as well.[33]
References to ardat-lilî have also been identified in medical incantations.[34] An illness called the "hand of ardat-lilî" (qāt ardat lilî) is known from multiple sources.[35] In the Assur Medical Catalogue, it is described as the cause of la’bu, which has been variously interpreted as a skin disease, a type of fever, or as a reference to an unidentified bodily fluid.[36]
Other genres of texts
editAn astrological text from Sultantepe indicates that the twelfth day of the month was believed to be particularly suitable for performing rituals meant to ward off ardat-lilî.[37]
Under her Sumerian name kisikillila, ardat-lilî appears in the composition Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the Netherworld.[5][21] It belonged to the curriculum of Old Babylonian scribal schools, and as a result is well documented in the archeological record, with seventy four copies recovered as of 2014.[38] Kisikillila is described in it as one of the three beings Gilgamesh has to drive away from the ḫalub tree planted by Inanna.[39] While part of the narrative was later translated into Akkadian and incorporated into the Epic of Gilgamesh, the section dealing with the ḫalub tree was not, possibly due to thematically overlapping with the myth of the cedar forest.[40]
Disputed or disproved examples
edit
In the past identification of the figure depicted on the Burney Relief as ardat-lilî or lilītu has been proposed,[24] but today it is considered implausible as it is unlikely a figure perceived negatively would be represented as a cultic image.[41] In ancient Mesopotamia demons were not an object of cult, and it was believed they are incapable of heeding prayers of humans the way gods were supposed to.[42] With the exception of first millennium BCE exorcist rituals which required the preparation of figures of demons such as Lamashtu, utukku or rābiṣu, there is no evidence that demons known from exorcistic literature were depicted in Mesopotamian art.[43] Such figures would generally be destroyed as a part of the ceremony.[44]
While it has been suggested that a passage in the Old Babylonian hymn to Ishtar preserved on the tablet AO 6035 might refer to the eponymous deity as the mistress of ardat-lilî or another similarly named demon, Michael P. Streck and Nathan Wasserman conclude that the word līlu, "evening", is meant instead.[45]
Notes
edit- ^ This name is commonly translated as "exterminator" or "obliterating one" due to being most likely derived from the Akkadian verb pašāṭum, "to erase".[8] In another lexical list its Sumerian equivalent is KA-im-ma.[9]
- ^ While the being designated by this name could be regarded as a demon, she belonged to the category of demonic animals, possibly representing a demonized owl.[11]
- ^ Frans Wiggermann argues this likely indicates Lamashtu was also regarded as a lil, as Pazuzu was believed to have power over her.[16] However, Eric Schmidtchen notes it can be argued that in standardized lists of demons they are divided in three groups, utukku, lil and KAMAD.[17] The last of them is distinct from the lil and encompasses Lamashtu and related figures like aḫḫazu and labāṣu.[18]
References
edit- ^ a b Wiggermann 2011, p. 320.
- ^ Farber 1989, p. 14.
- ^ a b Verderame 2013, p. 125.
- ^ a b c Wiggermann 2011, p. 311.
- ^ a b Farber 1987, p. 23.
- ^ Geller 1988, pp. 7–8.
- ^ Wagensonner 2020, p. 54.
- ^ Wagensonner 2020, p. 55.
- ^ Wagensonner 2020, p. 57.
- ^ Wiggermann 2007, p. 112.
- ^ Wiggermann 2011, p. 315.
- ^ Wiggermann 2011, p. 307.
- ^ a b c Schwemer 2020, p. 141.
- ^ Verderame 2013, p. 124.
- ^ Wiggermann 2011, pp. 311–312.
- ^ a b Wiggermann 2011, p. 312.
- ^ Schmidtchen 2021, p. 143.
- ^ Schmidtchen 2021, pp. 148–149.
- ^ Geller 1988, pp. 14–15.
- ^ Krul 2018, p. 231.
- ^ a b c Gadotti 2014, p. 256.
- ^ Schmidtchen 2021, p. 266.
- ^ Geller 2015, p. 165.
- ^ a b c Farber 1987, p. 24.
- ^ Geller 1988, p. 7.
- ^ Geller 2015, p. 11.
- ^ Geller 2015, p. 5.
- ^ Geller 2015, p. 229.
- ^ Geller 2015, p. 214.
- ^ Geller 2015, p. 215.
- ^ Schwemer 2020, p. 150.
- ^ Schwemer 2020, p. 153.
- ^ Schwemer 2020, p. 142.
- ^ Schmidtchen 2021, p. 144.
- ^ Schmidtchen 2021, p. 148.
- ^ Steinert 2018, pp. 267–268.
- ^ Wee 2016, p. 208.
- ^ Gadotti 2014, p. 1.
- ^ Gadotti 2014, p. 40.
- ^ Gadotti 2014, p. 2.
- ^ Wiggermann 2007, p. 113.
- ^ Wiggermann 2011, p. 308.
- ^ Wiggermann 2011, p. 309.
- ^ Wiggermann 2011, pp. 309–310.
- ^ Streck & Wasserman 2018, p. 32.
Bibliography
edit- Farber, Walter (1987), "Lilû, Lilītu, Ardat-lilî A. Philologisch", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), vol. 7, retrieved 2024-02-08
- Farber, Walter (1989). "(W)ardat-lilî(m)". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie (in German). 79 (2): 14–35. doi:10.1515/za-1989-790205. ISSN 1613-1150.
- Gadotti, Alhena (2014). Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld and the Sumerian Gilgamesh Cycle. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9781614515456. ISBN 978-1-61451-708-5.
- Geller, Markham J. (1988). "New Duplicates to SBTU II". Archiv für Orientforschung. 35. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 1–23. ISSN 0066-6440. JSTOR 41661648. Retrieved 2024-02-07.
- Geller, Markham J. (2015). Healing Magic and Evil Demons. Canonical Udug-hul Incantations. Die babylonisch-assyrische Medizin in Texten und Untersuchungen. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9781614513094. ISBN 978-1-61451-309-4.
- Krul, Julia (2018). The Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004364943_004. ISBN 9789004364936.
- Schmidtchen, Eric (2021). Mesopotamische Diagnostik: Untersuchungen zu Rekonstruktion, Terminologie und Systematik des babylonisch-assyrischen Diagnosehandbuches und eine Neubearbeitung der Tafeln 3–14. Die babylonisch-assyrische Medizin in Texten und Untersuchungen (in German). Vol. 13. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110715286. ISBN 978-3-11-071528-6.
- Schwemer, Daniel (2020). "Any Evil, a Stalking Ghost, and the Bull-Headed Demon". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie. 110 (2): 141–160. doi:10.1515/za-2020-0015. ISSN 1613-1150.
- Steinert, Ulrike (2018). "The Assur Medical Catalogue (AMC)". Assyrian and Babylonian Scholarly Text Catalogues. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9781501504914-009. ISBN 978-1-5015-0491-4.
- Streck, Michael P.; Wasserman, Nathan (2018). "The Man is Like a Woman, the Maiden is a Young Man: A new edition of Ištar-Louvre (Tab. I-II)". Orientalia. 87 (1). GBPress - Gregorian Biblical Press: 1–38. ISSN 0030-5367. JSTOR 45158730. Retrieved 2024-02-07.
- Verderame, Lorenzo (2013). ""Their Divinity is Different, Their Nature is Distinct!" Nature, Origin, and Features of Demons in Akkadian Literature". Archiv für Religionsgeschichte. 14 (1). doi:10.1515/arege-2012-0008. ISSN 1868-8888.
- Wagensonner, Klaus (2020). "From Demons to a Slippery Slope: MLC 1948, a new list of Sumerian terms and their equivalents". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 79 (1). University of Chicago Press: 51–64. doi:10.1086/707860. ISSN 0022-2968.
- Wee, John Z. (2016). "Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology". In Steele, John M. (ed.). The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World. Brill. pp. 139–229. doi:10.1163/9789004315631_008. ISBN 978-90-04-31563-1.
- Wiggermann, Frans (2007). "Some Demons of Time and their Functions in Mesopotamian Iconography". In Groneberg, Brigitte; Spieckermann, Hermann (eds.). Die Welt der Götterbilder. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. Vol. 376. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 102–116. doi:10.1515/9783110204155.1.102. ISBN 978-3-11-019463-0. ISSN 0934-2575.
- Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (2011). "The Mesopotamian Pandemonium. A Provisional Census". Studi e materiali di storia delle religioni. 77 (2): 298–322.