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The Argyn (Kazakh: Арғын, romanized: Arğyn) tribe (or clan) is a constituent of the Kazakh ethnicity. The Argyn are a component of the Orta jüz (Орта жүз; "Middle Horde" or "Middle Hundred"). Kazakhs historically consisted of three tribal federations: the Great jüz (or Senior jüz), Middle jüz, and Little jüz (or Junior jüz). Karakhanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari glossed Arghu as "ravine between two mountains", because the Arghu country was located between Tiraz and Balasagun.[3]
Арғын | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Location of the Argyns c. late 19th–early 20th century, according to M. S. Mukanov[2] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Akmola, Karaganda, Kostanay, North Kazakhstan, and Pavlodar Regions | |
| Languages | |
| Kazakh | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Middle jüz |
Origin
editArgyns are of mixed origin. A historical bilingual, yet steadily Turkicizing, people, Basmyls,[4][5] likely contributed to the ethnogenesis of Argyns because both Basmyls and Argyns occupied roughly the same geographic location,[6] in Beiting Protectorate, where Basmyls made their first recorded appearance[7][8] and which is now in western China, and still home to a Kazakh minority. Kara-Khanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari wrote that Basmyls spoke their own language besides Turkic.[5]
"They are handsomer men than the other natives of the country, and having more ability, they come to have authority; and they are also capital merchants."[9] Kashgari mentioned an urban Argu people who spoke Middle Turkic with "a certain slurring (rikka)", like people of Sogdak and Kenchek;[10] Golden proposes that the Arghu were Iranian speakers undergoing Turkicization.[11]
A 2013 study on Argyns' genetics identifies twenty Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups: of these, G1a-P20 constitutes 71% of 2186 samples; R1a*-M198(xM458) 6%, C3c-M48 5%, C3* - M217(xM48) 3%; and other haplogroups represent less than three percent. The authors noted that "Tribe Argyn took on graph an isolated position, demonstrating the absence of genetic links with other Kazakh tribes."[12]
Etymology
editThe name of the Argyns probably corresponds to that of the "Argons" mentioned by Marco Polo in a country called "Tenduc" (around modern-day Hohhot) during the 13th century.[9] Polo reported that this clan who had "sprung from two different races: to wit, of the race of the Idolaters of Tenduc and ... the worshippers of Mahommet.
Divisions
editAmong the Kazakh Argyn there are two main subdivisions, the Meiram, including 5 clans, and the Momyn, including seven. The Kishhi Argyn (Zhogary Shekty, Tomengi Shekti) and the Zhien are minor subdivisions.[13][14]
- 5 Meiram:
- Karakesek
- Kuandyk
- Suindik
- Begendik (Kozgan)
- Shegendik
- 7 Momyn:
- Atygai
- Karaul
- Basentiyn
- Kanzhygali
- Tobykty
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ S. Kudayberdy-Uly, "Family tree of Turks, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs and their Khan dynasties", Alma-Ata, Dastan, 1990.
- ^ Mukanov M.S., "Ethnic territory of Kazakhs in 18 - beginning of 20th century", Almaty, 1991, Муканов М. С. "Этническая территория казахов в 18 – нач. 20 вв. Алма-Ата, 1991 (in Russian)
- ^ Maħmūd al-Kašğari. Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk. Edited & translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. Series: Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. (1982). "Part I". p. 151
- ^ Golden, Peter B. An Introduction to the History of Turkic peoples (1992). p 142-143
- ^ a b Maħmūd al-Kašğari. "Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk". Edited & translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. In Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. Part I. (1982). p. 82-83
- ^ Gumilyov, L. Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom: The trefoil of the Bird's Eye View' Ch. 5: The Shattered Silence (961-1100)
- ^ Tongdian vol. 200 (in Chinese)
- ^ Zizhi Tongjian; cited by Zuev Yu.A., Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms (translation of 8-10th century Chinese Tanghuyao), Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, 1960, p. 104, 132 (in Russian)
- ^ a b Polo, Marco (1875), "Ch. 59: Concerning the Province of Tenduc, and the Descendants of Prester John", in Henri Cordier (ed.), The Book of Sir Marco Polo, the Venetian, vol. 1, translated by Henry Yule, J. Murray, pp. 276– (
The full text of Chapter 59 at Wikisource)
- ^ Kashgari. Part I. p. 83
- ^ Golden, P.B. An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. Series: Turcologica 9. p. 164
- ^ Zhabagin, M. et al. "J16.78 - The gene pool of Argyn in the context of generic structure of Kazakhs according to data on SNP-Y-Chromosome markers." presented at European Human Genetics Conference 2013. Paris, France. (2013)
- ^ Rakishev B. R. Distribution of the main clans of the Kazakhs by regions and their approximate numbers - Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. - 2015. - No. 3 (301). - P. 193-198
- ^ Казахов посчитали по родам: самые многочисленные — аргыны и дулаты
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