The Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari (English: "Armed Revolutionary Nuclei"), abbreviated NAR, was an Italian neo-fascist armed militant organization active during the Years of Lead from 1977 to November 1981. It committed over 100 murders in four years, and had planned to assassinate the politicians Francesco Cossiga, Gianfranco Fini and Adolfo Urso. The group maintained close links with the Banda della Magliana, a Rome-based criminal organization, which provided such logistical support as lodging, false papers, weapons, and bombs to the NAR. In November 1981, it was discovered that the NAR hid weapons in the basements of the Health Ministry. The first trial against them sentenced 53 people in May 1985 on charges of terrorist activities.[2][3]
| Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari | |
|---|---|
| Leader | Valerio Fioravanti |
| Dates of operation | 1977–1981 |
| Motives | Revenge on leftists and police Neofascist revolution |
| Active regions | Italy |
| Ideology | Neo-fascism Third Position[1] |
| Political position | Far-right |
| Major actions | Right-wing terrorism, murder, bombings |
| Battles and wars | Years of Lead |
Ideology
editThe late seventies were a time of political violence in the form of bombings, assassinations, and street warfare between rival militant factions. Young neo-fascists saw the state-sanctioned far-right political party MSI as betraying them, through inaction in the face of attacks by political opponents and the police such as the Acca Larentia killings.[4] Influenced by leftist movements, a large group of far-right youths, including Fioravanti and his close associates, moved from street-fighting to terrorism. Unlike their left-wing counterparts, they emphasised personal qualities like spontaneity and willingness to fight, even in a lost cause, over political objectives.[2] Fioravanti has said, "About defeat we never cared, we are a generation of losers, always on the side of the defeated."[5]
Members
editThe NAR were directed by former RAI child actor, Valerio Fioravanti, his brother Cristiano Fioravanti, Dario Pedretti, Francesca Mambro and Alessandro Alibrandi, who were previous militants of the Italian Social Movement (MSI).[6]
Other important people associated with NAR included: Luigi Ciavardini, Gilberto Cavallini, Stefano Soderini, Franco Anselmi, Giorgio Vale, Massimo Carminati, Claudio Bracci, Stefano Bracci, Mario Corsi a.k.a. "Marione" (Big Mario), Stefano Tiraboschi, Lino Lai, Paolo Pizzonia, Patrizio Trochei, Walter Sordi, Marco Mario Massimi, Pasquale Belsito, Fiorenzo Trincanato, Andrea Vian, Massimiliano Fachini.[citation needed]
In 1980, NAR member Giorgio Vale became the leader of Terza Posizione, which was used as a front for the NAR.[citation needed]
Actions
edit1980 Bologna massacre
editThe 1980 bombing of the Bologna main train station, which killed 85 people, was part of the strategy of tension and intended to cast blame on militant leftist groups. NAR members Valerio Fioravanti and Francesca Mambro were convicted of the bombing.[7]
Weapons cache in the Health Ministry
editOn 25 November 1981, Italian authorities discovered a weapons cache in the basements of the Health Ministry. According to the Banda della Magliana pentito, Maurizio Abbatino, NAR member Massimo Carminati was the only one who could freely access the weapons cache. Massimo Carminati not only held close links with the Banda della Magliana, but also with SISMI secret agents, in particular General Pietro Musumeci and Colonel Giuseppe Belmonte, a member of the Propaganda Due Masonic lodge.[citation needed]
Assassinations
editOn 23 June 1980, NAR members Gilberto Cavallini and Luigi Ciavardini (who was later sentenced to a 30-year prison term in 2007 for his role in the 1980 Bologna bombings)[8] assassinated magistrate Mario Amato. Amato had been made responsible for investigations into the radical right in Italy after the assassination of judge Vittorio Occorsio on 10 July 1976 (Occorsio was shot by Pierluigi Concutelli, leader of the armed groups of the Ordine Nuovo). The two NAR members were also responsible for the earlier slaying of Francesco Evangelista on 28 May 1980.[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Colombo, Andrea (2007). Storia Nera. Cairo. ISBN 978-88-6052-091-3.
- ^ a b Zanarini, Manuel (10 June 2008). "NAR: lo spontaneismo armato neofascista". Arianna Editrice (in Italian). Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ^ "Fioravanti e lo spontaneismo armato dei NAR". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 3 August 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ^ Minnucci, Marzia (2014). "A destra del MSI: evoluzione armata della destra radicale" (PDF). LuissThesis. School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton: 3. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ^ Ferraresi, Franco (1996). Threats to Democracy: The Radical Right in Italy After the War. Princeton University Press. p. 192. doi:10.2307/2585728. ISBN 9781400815845. JSTOR j.ctt7sspj.
- ^ NAR: “spostati” o figli (il)legittimi del Movimento Sociale Italiano? Una replica da lontano al Fatto Quotidiano, Fascinazione, December 08, 2014 (in Italian)
- ^ Tassinari, 2008, p. 626
- ^ "Strage di Bologna, 30 anni a Ciavardini - Cassazione conferma la condanna all'ex Nar". La Repubblica (in Italian). Gruppo Editoriale L’Espresso Spa. 11 April 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ^ "Arrestato l'estremista nero Ciavardini per una rapina a mano armata". La Repubblica (in Italian). Gruppo Editoriale L’Espresso Spa. 10 October 2006. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- Tassinari, Ugo Maria (2008). Fascisteria. Sperling & Kupfer. ISBN 978-88-200-4449-7.
Further reading
edit- Combs, Cindy C.; Slann, Martin W. (2009). Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Revised Edition. Infobase Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-4381-1019-6.
- Nash, Jay Robert (1998). Terrorism in the 20th Century: A Narrative Encyclopedia From the Anarchists, through the Weathermen, to the Unabomber. M. Evans. p. 374. ISBN 978-1-4617-4769-7.