The Royal Armouries is the United Kingdom's national collection of arms and armour. Once an important part of England's military organization, it became the United Kingdom's oldest museum, and one of the oldest museums in the world.[1][2] It is also one of the largest collections of arms and armour in the world, comprising the UK's National Collection of Arms and Armour, National Artillery Collection, and National Firearms Collection. Originally housed in the Tower of London from the 15th century, today the collection is split across three sites: the Tower, the Royal Armouries Museum in Leeds, and Fort Nelson near Portsmouth.[3]
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| Non-departmental public body overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | 1983 (41 years ago) |
| Jurisdiction | United Kingdom |
| Headquarters | Leeds |
| Non-departmental public body executives |
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| Parent department | Department for Culture, Media and Sport |
| Website | royalarmouries |
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From 2004 to 2015, a limited selection of items was also on display in Louisville, Kentucky, in the United States, in cooperation with the Frazier History Museum.[4]
History
editThe Royal Armouries is one of the ancient institutions of the Tower of London and was originally engaged in the manufacture of armour for the Kings of England and their armies. The Office of the Armoury grew out of the department known as the King's Privy Wardrobe at the Tower of London in the mid-15th century. Overseen from 1423 by the Master of the King's Armour, and based in the White Tower, the Office was responsible for manufacturing armour and edged weapons for the monarch and his armies; it functioned alongside the Office of Ordnance, which had responsibility for firearms.[5]
The Armoury oversaw storehouses and workshops at Woolwich and Portsmouth, and at various royal palaces (most notably the Greenwich Armoury, which specialized in richly decorated ceremonial armour). In 1545, it is recorded that a visiting foreign dignitary paid to view the Armoury collection at the Tower of London. By the time of Charles II, there was a permanent public display there; the "Spanish Armoury" which included instruments of torture and the "Line of Kings"—a row of wooden effigies representing the kings of England. This makes it the first museum in Britain.[6]
The influence of the Armoury began to wane as traditional weapons gave way increasingly to firearms in the field of war. In the 1620s, swords, lances and items of armour were still used in battle, but for the most part were being issued by the Office of Ordnance (which was becoming a sizeable department of State) rather than by the Armoury. The latter, however, remained staffed and operational until 1671, when it was finally absorbed by the Ordnance Board; the board continued to maintain, and indeed expanded, the Armoury as a museum.[5]
The Tower was engaged in the development, manufacture and storage of a wide variety of weaponry until the Board of Ordnance was abolished in 1855. Thereafter the historic armoury collection remained. Only a small part of this could be displayed, however, and in 1995, much of the artillery collection was moved to Fort Nelson in Hampshire and the following year a new Royal Armouries Museum was opened in Leeds.[7] The remaining part of the collection relates directly to the Tower.
The National Heritage Act 1983 established the Armouries as a non-departmental public body, now sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
Master of the Armouries
editThe head of the Royal Armouries is known as the Master of the Armouries. This was an ancient office that was revived in 1935 when the Royal Armouries became a national museum.[8] The current Director General and Master of the Armouries is Nat Edwards.[9]
Master of the Armoury
editThe Master of the Armoury was responsible for maintaining a store of armour and weapons for use in the event of war and had an office in the Tower of London. The first use of the title was in 1462.
- 1462–1485 ??
- Sir Richard Guildford (1485–1506) (also Master of the Ordnance)[10]
- Sir Edward Guildford (1506–1533)[10]
- Sir John Dudley (1533–1544)[10]
- Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy of Chiche (1544–1553)[10]
- Sir Richard Southwell (1554–1559) (also Master of the Ordnance)[10]
- Sir George Howard (1560–1580)[10]
- Sir Henry Lee (1580–1611)[10]
- Sir Thomas Monson, 1st Baronet (1611–1616)[11]
- William Legge (1636–1646)
- Robert Spaven (1647–?1648)[12]
- Anthony Nicholl (1648–?1658)[13]
- William Legge (restored to office 1660–1670)
- Office abolished in 1671
Master of the Armouries
edit- Charles John Ffoulkes (1935–1938)[14]
- Sir James Mann (1938–1962)[15]
- Arthur Richard Dufty (1963–1976)[16]
- Alexander Vesey Bethune (Nick) Norman (1977–1988)[17]
- Guy Wilson (1988–2002)[18]
- Paul Evans (2003–2008)[19]
- Lieutenant-General Jonathon Riley (2009–2012)
- Edward Impey (2013–2022)
- Nat Edwards (2022–present)[20]
Publications
editThe Royal Armouries formerly published the Royal Armouries Yearbook. In 2004, that was superseded by Arms & Armour, a twice-yearly peer-reviewed scholarly journal.[21][22]
References
edit
- ^ "Government invests in Leeds' Royal Armouries Museum acquiring catering and events arm to unify operations at major Yorkshire tourist attraction". Royal Armouries. 22 January 2018. Archived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
- ^ "RA Venues wins four-year contract for Royal Armouries museum". The Caterer. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- ^ "Royal Armouries official website - About Us". Retrieved 8 October 2009.
- ^ "Frazier Museum returns British armor". The Courier-Journal. 24 October 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
- ^ a b Stewart, Richard W. (1996). The English Ordnance Office 1585–1625. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press.
- ^ "Tower of London". Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ "Royal Armouries Library, London: Royal Armouries and Office of Ordnance". Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ "Royal Armouries and Office of Ordnance". AIM25. September 2003. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^ "Director General and Master of the Armouries". Royal Armouries. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g Thompson, Sue. Sir Henry Lee (1533–1611): Elizabethan Courtier.
- ^ Brock, D.Heywood. The Ben Jonson Encyclopedia. p. 322.
- ^ Journals of the House of Lords, Volume 9. p. 640.
- ^ Journals of the House of Lords, Volume 10. p. 470.
- ^ "Royal Armouries Library, London". Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
- ^ "Gloucester Citizen". 6 December 1938.
- ^ "Obituary: A. R. Dufty". The Independent. 6 November 1993. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
- ^ Mazanski, Cyril. British Basket-hilted Swords: A Typology of Basket-type Sword Hilts. p. dedication.
- ^ "WILSON, Guy Murray". Who's Who 2016. Oxford University Press. November 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^ Small, Jeremy (20 October 2008). "Museum boss quits". The York Press. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^ Stephens, Simon (26 July 2022). "Royal Armouries appoints director general". Museums Association News. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
- ^ "Arms and Armour: Journal of the Royal Armouries". Weapons History Journal. 18 January 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
- ^ "Arms & Armour". Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 19 August 2020.