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Armstrong County, Pennsylvania

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Armstrong County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 65,558.[2] The county seat is Kittanning.[3] The county was organized on March 12, 1800, from parts of Allegheny, Westmoreland and Lycoming Counties. It was named in honor of John Armstrong, who represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress and served as a major general during the Revolutionary War.

Armstrong County
County
Armstrong County Courthouse
Armstrong County Courthouse
Official seal of Armstrong County
Seal
Map of Pennsylvania highlighting Armstrong County
Location within the U.S. state of Pennsylvania
Map of the United States highlighting Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 40°49′N 79°28′W / 40.81°N 79.46°W / 40.81; -79.46
Country United States
State Pennsylvania
FoundedMarch 12, 1800
Named forJohn Armstrong
SeatKittanning
Largest boroughKittanning
Area
 • Total
664 sq mi (1,720 km2)
 • Land653 sq mi (1,690 km2)
 • Water11 sq mi (30 km2)  1.6%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
65,558
 • Density100/sq mi (40/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional district15th
Websitewww.co.armstrong.pa.us
DesignatedOctober 15, 1982[1]

The county is part of the Greater Pittsburgh region of the state.[a]

History

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Pre-settlement

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Crooked Creek Lake Recreation Area, a dam, reservoir, and park near Ford City in Armstrong County

Little is known of the pre-Columbian history of the area that is today called Armstrong County, but the often cited starting point begins with the civilization known colloquially as the Mound Builders.

Several 19th-20th century farmers throughout the county have unearthed artifacts from this time period, such as arrowheads. Several of the prominent earthen works characteristic of this culture have been removed for agricultural and settlement purposes. One prominent mound was located between present-day Kittanning and Ford City and was believed to have been an earthen fortification used to defend against other tribal peoples. Other mounds were found in Boggs, South Buffalo, and Washington townships. The aboriginal inhabitants were given the name "Allegewi" by the tribes that drove them out sometime between the 15th and 17th centuries.

Historical accounts describe the tribes that conquered the Allegewi as primarily the Lenape or "Delaware" tribes, along with bands of Mohawk, Oneidas, Cayugas, Onondagas, and Seneca tribes. The Lenape tribe made semi-permanent and permanent settlements in and around present-day Kittanning, and much of the area functioned as their hunting and agricultural lands. Blockhouses built by the Lenape, not unlike the early European settler dwellings, were commonly seen around Ford City, Kittanning, South Buffalo, Brady's Bend, and Red Bank. The Lenape were the primary inhabitants of the area and were the primary points of contact for European settlers in this area at the turn of the 18th century.

18th century

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With the arrival of European settlers also came the competing claims to the territory, primarily between the French and British empires, who were engaged in what became known as the Seven Years' War. As the global conflict between the two empires expanded into the "New World," both sides attempted to court the many Native American tribes. Several tribes in the Allegheny River Valley, including the Lenni-Lenape, sided with the French during this time period, as their friendship appeared to be more advantageous to their own territorial claims against the British-friendly Iroquois Nations.

In exchange for furs, freedom of movement in Lenape territory, and guerilla raids on British troops and settlers, the French supplied weapons and other European goods and offered military protection to the friendly tribes. This agreement and similar alliances with other tribes allowed the French to become more well dug-in along the Allegheny River, most prominently at Fort Duquesne in present-day Pittsburgh. Several military engagements in the Ohio Country, which would later become Western Pennsylvania, were part of the French and Indian War.

One of the minor battles that erupted during the French and Indian War occurred at the present site of the Armstrong County seat, Kittanning, or Kit-hane-ink, as it was referred to by the Lenape, meaning "settlement by the main river." Although the Battle of Kittanning was inconsequential to the greater conflict with the French and Indian tribes, it is an integral part of Armstrong County's history. The expedition, led by Lieutenant Colonel John Armstrong, brought about the destruction of the Lenape village of Kittanning, which had served as a staging point for attacks by Lenape (Delaware) warriors against colonists in the colonial-era Province of Pennsylvania. Deep into hostile territory, the raid on Kittanning was the only major expedition carried out by Pennsylvania Provincial troops during the brutal backcountry war. It is often thought of by local historians as a type of pre-World War II Doolittle Raid.

With the surrender of George Washington at Fort Necessity in 1754 and Braddock's defeat in 1755, the settlers on the Pennsylvania frontier were without professional military protection, and scrambled to organize a defense. The French-allied Indians who had defeated General Edward Braddock at the Monongahela River were primarily from the Great Lakes region to the north. The local Indians, mostly Lenape and Shawnee who had migrated to the area after European colonists had settled their lands to the east, had waited to see who would win the contest—they could not risk siding with the loser. With Fort Duquesne now secured, the victorious French encouraged the Lenape and Shawnee to "take up the hatchet" against those who had taken their land.

Beginning about October 1755, Lenape and Shawnee war parties, often with French cooperation, began raiding settlements in Pennsylvania. Although European-Americans also waged war with cruelty, they found Indian warfare particularly brutal and frightening. Notable among the Indian raiders were the Lenape war leaders Shingas and Captain Jacobs, both of whom lived at Kittanning. The colonial governments of Pennsylvania and Virginia offered rewards for their scalps. Captain Jacobs was on an expedition led by Louis Coulon de Villiers that descended on Fort Granville (near present-day Lewistown) on the morning of August 2, 1756. The attackers were held off, but the garrison commander was killed, and his second in command surrendered the garrison, including the women and children, the next morning. The commander's brother, Lieutenant Colonel John Armstrong, immediately organized an expedition of 300 men against Kittanning in response. Early on September 8, 1756, they launched a surprise attack on the Indian village. Many of the Kittanning residents fled, but Captain Jacobs put up a defense, holing up with his wife and family inside their home. When he refused to surrender, his house and others were set on fire, touching off gunpowder that had been stored inside. Captain Jacobs was killed and scalped after jumping from his home in an attempt to escape the flames. The battle ended when the entire village was engulfed in flames.

The destruction of Kittanning was hailed as a victory in Pennsylvania, and Armstrong was known afterwards as the "Hero of Kittanning". He and his men collected the "scalp bounty" that had been placed on Captain Jacobs. However, the victory had limitations: the attackers suffered more casualties than they inflicted, and most of the villagers escaped, taking with them almost all of the prisoners that had been held in the village. The expedition also probably aggravated the frontier war; subsequent Indian raids that autumn were fiercer than ever. The Kittanning raid revealed to the village's inhabitants their vulnerability, and many moved to more secure areas. A peace faction led by Shingas's brother Tamaqua soon came to the forefront. Tamaqua eventually made peace with Pennsylvania in the Treaty of Easton, which enabled the British under General John Forbes to successfully mount an expedition in 1758 that drove the French from Fort Duquesne. Reenactments of the Battle of Kittanning have become a favorite pastime of the local inhabitants of present-day Armstrong County.

John Armstrong later served as a brigadier general in the Continental Army and as a major general in the Pennsylvania Militia during the Revolutionary War. He was also a delegate to the Continental Congress for Pennsylvania. Armstrong County, formed on March 12, 1800, from parts of Allegheny, Westmoreland and Lycoming Counties was named in the general's honor.

19th century

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In the early 1800s, most people in Armstrong County were "old stock Americans" of Scotch-Irish and English ancestry, whose ancestors had settled in the area prior to the American Revolution. In the decades following the American Civil War, and in particular between 1890 and 1910, immigrants arrived in large numbers from Germany, Italy, Ireland, and Poland.[4]

As the county seat, Kittanning became the governmental, financial, and commercial hub for the county.

In the 1890s, Water Street (sometimes called "Millionaire Row") in Kittanning boasted more millionaire residents than anywhere else in Pennsylvania. Booming industries in the county such as coal, natural gas, plate glass, brick, ceramics, and iron created a strong local economy. Gradual population decline, via economic downturns, began in the 1970s and 1980s, and while there are still many coal mines and natural gas wells in operation throughout the county, the decline of the fossil fuel industry has severely limited the economy of Kittanning . Recently, revitalization efforts have led to a beautification of Market Street in Kittanning in an effort to attract new businesses and people.

Three miles upriver from Kittanning is Ford City. Incorporated in 1887, Ford City was a company town for John Baptiste Ford's renowned plate-glass industry, known now as Pittsburgh Plate Glass PPG Industries, a Fortune 500 Company. Eljer also operated a production facility along the river in Ford City that made ceramic toilets. The two companies employed nearly 10,000 people at the height of Armstrong County's economy.

In 1869, Leechburg was the first place in the United States to use natural gas for metallurgical purposes. Natural gas was found while drilling for oil, and eventually introduced into the boilers and furnaces of Siberian Iron Works.

Freeport, Leechburg, and Apollo were communities built along the Pennsylvania Canal, which passed through on the Allegheny and Kiskiminetas rivers, at the southern border of the county.

20th century

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In the 20th century, Ford City struggled economically, but kept its economy and heritage alive through creative businesses and lively festivals.

21st century

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Ford City is the future site of the Armstrong campus of Butler County Community College (BC3) - consistently ranked among the best community colleges in Pennsylvania.[5]

Armstrong County is home to the City of Parker, an incorporated third-class city, which was an oil boom town with a population rumored to be approximately 20,000 in 1873, but now is the "Smallest City in America" with a population of just under 800. Parker is located in the extreme northwest portion of the county.

Iron was made in the Brady's Bend area of the county twenty years before there was a foundry in Pittsburgh doing so.

Elderton, whose name is derived from the famous resident of the area, Sara Elder, is a small community, home to the former Elderton Jr/Sr High School.

Worthington is the county's primary agricultural hub and lies just west of Kittanning along Pennsylvania Route 422.

Geography

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According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 664 square miles (1,720 km2), of which 653 square miles (1,690 km2) is land and 11 square miles (28 km2) (1.6%) is water.[6] Armstrong County is one of the 423 counties served by the Appalachian Regional Commission,[7] and it is identified as part of the "Midlands" by Colin Woodard in his book American Nations: A History of the Eleven Rival Regional Cultures of North America.[8]

Streams

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The Allegheny and Kiskiminetas rivers; Buffalo, Crooked, Cowanshannock, Redbank, and Mahoning creeks; and Carnahan Run, among others, have watersheds within the county. The Murphy, Nicholson, Ross, and Cogley islands are in the Allegheny in Armstrong County.

Scrubgrass Creek

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Scrubgrass Creek arises in Wayne Township and flows through Boggs Township, passing Goheenville, to Pine Township where it empties into the Mahoning Creek at Mahoning Station.

Sugar Creek

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Sugar Creek flows through Bradys Bend Township where it empties into the Allegheny River. Its tributaries include Cove Run, Hart Run, Holder Run, Long Run, Pine Run, and Whiskey Run.

Adjacent counties

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Major highways

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Climate

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Armstrong has a humid continental climate (Dfa/Dfb). Average monthly temperatures in Kittanning range from 27.3 °F in January to 72.6 °F in July.[9]

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18002,399—
18106,143156.1%
182010,32468.1%
183017,70171.5%
184028,36560.2%
185029,5604.2%
186035,79721.1%
187043,38221.2%
188047,6419.8%
189046,747−1.9%
190052,55112.4%
191067,88029.2%
192075,56811.3%
193079,2984.9%
194081,0872.3%
195080,842−0.3%
196079,524−1.6%
197075,590−4.9%
198077,7682.9%
199073,478−5.5%
200072,392−1.5%
201068,941−4.8%
202065,558−4.9%
2022 (est.)64,747−1.2%
U.S. Decennial Census[10]
1790-1960[11] 1900-1990[12]
1990-2000[13] 2010-2017[14]

As of the census[15] of 2000, there were 72,392 people, 29,005 households, and 20,535 families residing in the county. The population density was 111 people per square mile (43 people/km2). There were 32,387 housing units at an average density of 50 per square mile (19/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 98.32% White, 0.82% Black or African American, 0.09% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.13% from other races, and 0.50% from two or more races. 0.43% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 34.6% were of German, 10.8% Italian, 9.3% Irish, 8.7% American, 7.4% English and 5.7% Polish ancestry.

There were 29,005 households, out of which 29.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.90% were married couples living together, 9.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.20% were non-families. 25.90% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.95.

The distribution of the age of the population in the county was 22.90% under the age of 18, 7.20% from 18 to 24, 27.60% from 25 to 44, 24.20% from 45 to 64, and 18.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.10 males.

2020 census

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Armstrong County Racial Composition[16]
Race Num. Perc.
White (NH) 62,320 95%
Black or African American (NH) 438 0.67%
Native American (NH) 57 0.1%
Asian (NH) 147 0.22%
Pacific Islander (NH) 14 0.02%
Other/Mixed (NH) 2,092 3.2%
Hispanic or Latino 490 0.75%

Government and politics

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United States presidential election results for Armstrong County, Pennsylvania[17]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2024 28,296 76.23% 8,553 23.04% 270 0.73%
2020 27,489 75.47% 8,457 23.22% 480 1.32%
2016 23,484 73.70% 7,178 22.53% 1,202 3.77%
2012 20,142 67.77% 9,045 30.43% 534 1.80%
2008 18,542 61.27% 11,138 36.80% 583 1.93%
2004 18,925 60.86% 12,025 38.67% 147 0.47%
2000 15,508 56.55% 11,127 40.58% 788 2.87%
1996 11,052 42.87% 11,130 43.17% 3,597 13.95%
1992 9,122 32.20% 12,995 45.87% 6,216 21.94%
1988 11,509 44.81% 13,892 54.09% 282 1.10%
1984 13,709 48.37% 14,525 51.25% 110 0.39%
1980 12,955 47.80% 12,718 46.92% 1,431 5.28%
1976 13,378 46.05% 15,179 52.25% 493 1.70%
1972 17,557 61.61% 10,490 36.81% 451 1.58%
1968 14,132 46.56% 13,921 45.86% 2,300 7.58%
1964 10,618 33.40% 21,098 66.37% 74 0.23%
1960 19,883 57.23% 14,799 42.59% 63 0.18%
1956 20,055 61.22% 12,671 38.68% 34 0.10%
1952 16,955 55.90% 13,221 43.59% 153 0.50%
1948 11,712 53.45% 9,900 45.18% 300 1.37%
1944 13,656 56.94% 10,202 42.54% 126 0.53%
1940 14,524 54.30% 12,144 45.40% 82 0.31%
1936 14,198 46.65% 15,955 52.42% 281 0.92%
1932 10,884 52.10% 9,230 44.18% 776 3.71%
1928 17,625 77.86% 4,824 21.31% 187 0.83%
1924 11,192 64.18% 2,931 16.81% 3,316 19.01%
1920 8,995 69.23% 3,262 25.11% 735 5.66%
1916 6,024 58.51% 3,590 34.87% 682 6.62%
1912 1,904 18.91% 3,027 30.06% 5,139 51.03%
1908 6,110 59.67% 3,212 31.37% 917 8.96%
1904 5,798 67.94% 2,270 26.60% 466 5.46%
1900 6,443 63.58% 3,438 33.93% 252 2.49%
1896 6,325 61.12% 3,825 36.96% 199 1.92%
1892 4,709 55.60% 3,512 41.46% 249 2.94%
1888 5,030 55.89% 3,763 41.81% 207 2.30%

Voter registration

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As of 25 September 2023, there were 40,716 registered voters in the county. The Republican Party accounts for a majority of the voters. There were 25,058 registered Republicans, 11,131 registered Democrats, 2,968 unaffiliated voters and 1,559 voters registered to other parties.[18]

Chart of Voter Registration

  Republican (61.54%)
  Democratic (27.34%)
  Independent (7.29%)
  Third Party (3.83%)
Voter registration and party enrollment
Party Number of voters Percentage
Republican 25,058 61.54%
Democratic 11,131 27.34%
Independent 2,968 7.29%
Third Party 1,559 3.83%
Total 40,716 100%

County government

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County Commissioners:

  • Anthony Shea (Republican), Chairman
  • John Strate (Republican), Vice-Chairman
  • Pat Fabian (Democrat), Secretary

District Attorney:

  • Katie Charlton (Republican)

Sheriff:

  • Frank Pitzer (Republican)

Coroner:

  • Brian Myers (Republican)

Controller:

  • Myra "Tammy" Miller (Republican)

Treasurer:

  • Amanda Hiles (Republican)

Register of Wills and Recorder of Deeds:

  • Marianne Hileman (Republican)

Prothonotary and Clerk of Courts:

  • Brenda C. George (Republican)

Judges:

  • Kenneth G. Valasek, Senior Judge (Democrat)
  • James Panchik, President Judge (Democrat)
  • Joseph A. Nickleach Sr. Senior Judge (Democrat)
  • Chase McClister, Judge (Democrat)

State senate

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State House Of Representatives

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United States House of Representatives

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Education

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Map of Armstrong County, Pennsylvania Public School Districts

Colleges and universities

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Public school districts

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K-12 school districts include:[19]

Technology school

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  • Lenape Technical School - Ford City

Private schools

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As reported by the Pennsylvania Department of Education - EdNA. April 2012.

  • Adelphoi Village Miller Home - Apollo
  • Divine Redeemer School - Ford City
  • Dry Knob Amish School - Smicksburg
  • Evangelical Lutheran School - Worthington
  • Grace Christian School - Kittanning
  • Meadow View School - Dayton
  • Model Education Program - Kittanning
  • New Bethlehem Wesleyan Methodist School - New Bethlehem
  • Orchard Hills Christian Academy - Apollo
  • Owl Hollow Amish School - Smicksburg
  • Shady Lane Amish School - Smicksburg
  • Shady Run Amish School - Smicksburg
  • Stony Acres Amish School - Smicksburg
  • Stony Flat Amish School - Smicksburg
  • United Cerebral Palsy Of Western Pennsylvania - Spring Church
  • Whippoorwill School - Smicksburg
  • Worthington Baptist Christian School - Worthington

Libraries

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There are six public libraries in Armstrong County:[20][21]

  • Apollo Memorial Library - Apollo, PA
  • Ford City Public Library - Ford City, PA
  • Freeport Area Library - Freeport, PA
  • Kittanning Public Library - Kittanning, PA
  • Leechburg Public Library - Leechburg, PA
  • Worthington West Franklin Community Library - Worthington, PA

Communities

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Map of Armstrong County, Pennsylvania with municipal labels showing cities and boroughs (in red), townships (in white), and census-designated places (in blue)

Under Pennsylvania law, there are four types of incorporated municipalities: cities, boroughs, townships, and, in at most two cases, towns. The following cities, boroughs and townships are located in Armstrong County:

City

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Boroughs

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Townships

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Census-designated places

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Census-designated places are geographical areas designated by the U.S. Census Bureau for the purposes of compiling demographic data. They are not actual jurisdictions under Pennsylvania law. Other unincorporated communities, such as villages, may be listed here as well.

Unincorporated community

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Former communities

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Population ranking

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The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Armstrong County.[22]

† county seat

Rank City/Town/etc. Population (2010 Census) Municipal type Incorporated
1 † Kittanning 4,044 Borough 1803
2 Ford City 2,991 Borough 1889
3 Leechburg 2,156 Borough 1850
4 Orchard Hills 1,952 CDP
5 Freeport 1,813 Borough 1833
6 Apollo 1,647 Borough 1848
7 North Apollo 1,297 Borough
8 West Hills 1,263 CDP
9 West Kittanning 1,175 Borough 1900
10 Lenape Heights 1,167 CDP
11 Rural Valley 876 Borough
12 Parker 840 City 1873
13 Pleasant View 780 CDP
14 Worthington 639 Borough 1855
15 Dayton 553 Borough 1873
16 South Bethlehem 481 Borough
17 North Vandergrift 447 CDP
18 Manorville 410 Borough
19 Ford Cliff 371 Borough 1922
20 Elderton 356 Borough 1859
21 Templeton 325 CDP
22 Applewold 310 Borough 1899
23 Kiskimere 136 CDP
24 Atwood 107 Borough 1884

Notable people

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Politics

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John Armstrong Sr. - namesake of Armstrong County, civil engineer, American military general, Battle of Kittanning

William F. Johnston - Armstrong County Bar Association, abolitionist, 11th Governor of Pennsylvania 1848–1852, namesake of Johnston Ave. in Kittanning

Joseph Buffington - Judge, US Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, US Circuit Courts for the Third Circuit, and US District Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania

John R. Phillips, Leechburg native, U.S. Ambassador to Italy

Andrew Jackson Faulk - born in Kittanning, third Governor of the Dakota Territory

George L. Shoup, First governor of Idaho, United States senator

US Congress: Samuel S. Harrison, Joseph Buffington Sr., Darwin Phelps, David Barclay, Joseph Grant Beale Daniel Brodhead Heiner, Jason Altmire

PA State Senators: Eben Kelley, Donald C. White, Albert Pechan

PA State Legislature: John S. Rhey, J. Alexander Fulton, John K. Calhoun, Franklin Mechling, Samuel B. Cochran, Timothy Pesci, Jeff Pyle, Abby Major

PA Supreme Court: James Thompson

John Gilpin - PA Constitutional Convention of 1873; namesake for Gilpin Township

John F. Hunter, Ohio state legislature

Military

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Donald R. Lobaugh, Freeport native, U.S. Army soldier and Medal of Honor recipient in World War II

Raymond Harvey, Ford City native, Medal of Honor recipient in Korean War

Science

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David Alter - Freeport, PA medical doctor; scientist; inventor of spectrum analysis, the idea that every element has its own emission spectrum: a breakthrough development in spectroscopy. The published article was: On Certain Physical Properties of Light Produced by the Combustion of Different Metals in an Electric Spark Refracted by a Prism published 1854

Sports

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Ed Hobaugh - Kittanning native, MLB baseball player from Kittanning; right-hand pitcher for Washington Senators 1961-63

Mickey Morandini, Leechburg an MLB second baseman and coach, who played for the Philadelphia Phillies, Chicago Cubs, and Toronto Blue Jays. His career highlights include selection as a 1995 National League (NL) All-Star, playing for the Phillies in the 1993 NL Championship Series and World Series, and appearing for the Cubs in the 1998 NL Division Series. Also played for USA baseball in the 1988 Olympic Games is Seoul.

Dick Starr, major league pitcher, 1947–1951, New York Yankees, Washington Senators

Red Bowser, Freeport native, outfielder in Major League Baseball

Broc Hepler - Kittanning native, professional motocross racer

Ryan Hemphill, Apollo native, NASCAR driver

Alex Kroll, professional football player for New York Titans (later Jets) and CEO of Young & Rubicam

Jack Lambert - American Football 4-time Super Bowl champion All-Pro linebacker for the Pittsburgh Steelers

Eric Ravotti, former NFL (Steeler) linebacker

Mitch Frerotte - an American professional football player who played as a guard for four seasons with the Buffalo Bills.

Gus Frerotte - former American football quarterback. He was drafted by the Washington Redskins in the seventh round of the 1994 NFL Draft. He played college football at Tulsa.

Bud Carson, former NFL coach, Steelers Defensive Coordinator for first two Super Bowl wins, helped develop the "Steel Curtain"

Greg Christy, played at Freeport High School, American football player, Buffalo Bills

Jeff Christy, played at Freeport High School, American football player, center for the Arizona Cardinals, the Minnesota Vikings, and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers from 1992 to 2003

Nick Bowers, NFL tight end for the Las Vegas Raiders, Kittanning native

Tim Levcik, American football player

Zigmund "Red" Mihalik, Hall of Fame basketball official

Other

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Teri Hope, actress

Ralph Patt, jazz guitarist

Don Taylor, actor and director

Nellie Bly, Apollo native, journalist and adventurer, widely known for her record-breaking trip around the world in 72 days and investigative journalism

David Coulter, banker

S.K. McClafferty, author.

Marcy Graham Waldenville, author.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Includes Allegheny, Washington, Butler, Beaver, Lawrence and Armstrong Counties
  1. ^ "PHMC Historical Markers Search" (Searchable database). Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
  2. ^ "Census - Geography Profile: Armstrong County, Pennsylvania". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
  3. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  4. ^ History of Armstrong County, Pennsylvania by Robert Walter Smith
  5. ^ "BC3 No. 1 again among state's 14 community colleges" (PDF). October 27, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
  6. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  7. ^ "About the Appalachian Region". Appalachian Regional Commission. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
  8. ^ Woodard, Colin. "The Maps That Show That City vs. Country Is Not Our Political Fault Line". New York Times. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  9. ^ "PRISM Climate Group at Oregon State University". prism.oregonstate.edu.
  10. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  11. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  12. ^ Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 27, 1995). "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  13. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  14. ^ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  15. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  16. ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Armstrong County, Pennsylvania".
  17. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  18. ^ Pennsylvania Department of State (July 17, 2023). "Voter registration statistics by county". dos.pa.gov. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  19. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Armstrong County, PA" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 16, 2024. - Text list
  20. ^ Armstrong Libraries. Armstrong Libraries. Retrieved on July 23, 2013.
  21. ^ Freeport Area Library Association - Home. Freeportlibrary.org (July 12, 2013). Retrieved on July 23, 2013.
  22. ^ "Decennial Census by Decades". Retrieved April 20, 2015.
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