Aromanians in North Macedonia
The Aromanians in North Macedonia (Aromanian: Armãnji; Macedonian: Аромани, romanized: Aromani), also known as the Vlachs (Aromanian: Vlãhi; Macedonian: Власи, romanized: Vlasi), are an officially recognised minority group of North Macedonia numbering some 9,695 people according to the 2002 census. They are concentrated in Kruševo, Štip, Bitola and Skopje.
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 9,695 (2002 census) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Kruševo, Štip, Bitola, Sveti Nikole | |
| Languages | |
| Aromanian (native), Macedonian | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly Eastern Orthodoxy | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Aromanians |
Ethnonyms
editThe Aromanians are known as Vlachs in North Macedonia.[1] To refer to themselves, the Aromanians may use Armčnji, Armānji,[1] Aromani or Arominu, meaning "Roman".[2]
The Aromanians are also identified under various names in different languages, often the word for shepherd,[3] such as Ulah in Turkish, Çoban in Albanian, Tschobani or Vlachoi in Greek, Cincar or Vlasi in Serbian,[1] and Koustovlahs.[4][5] They are also known as Macedo-Romanians by the Romanians,[6][7] or simply Macedonian Vlachs[8][9] or just Vlachs in English.[10]
History
editThe Aromanians are a unique ethno-linguistic group with their own culture and language, who have existed for over two thousand years in the Balkan peninsula.[11] They were, for centuries, considered a traditional mountain people and the word Vlach became synonymous with animal husbandry and herdsmanship throughout the Balkans.[12] Although traditionally livestock herders, many began to emigrate to larger cities in the 16th and 17th centuries. Many Aromanians who fled from Moscopole and the nearby mountainous Gramos region also helped develop Kruševo (Crushuva) and Bitola (Bituli, Bitule) into large, prosperous cities. Shepherds of the Pelister region near Bitola used to herd huge flocks of sheep from the summer pastures on Pelister to the winter lowlands near Ghevgelia, Giannitsa and Salonica (Sãruna). Typical Aromanian goods were cheese, meat, wool and wool garments, leather, rugs and carpets. Many Aromanians also entered the rug and carpet trade by selling kilimi and flocati. A part of Aromanians adhered to the Bogomil faith around the 10th and 11th centuries and contributed to the spread of Bogomilism in Herzegovina.[13] Wealthier Aromanians established themselves in Bitola and Štip (Shtip) as innkeepers, artisans, caravan traders and merchants. An Aromanian market (Macedonian: Vlaška čaršija) was established in Bitola's Aromanian quarter. The Aromanian element is still present in Bitola to this day.
The Aromanian mountain villages of Magarevo (Magaruva, Mãgãreva), Gopeš (Gopish, Gopeshi), and Trnovo (Aromanian: Tãrnuva/Tãrnova) were founded on the foot hills of Mount Pelister. Other settlements with significant Aromanian population in the second half of 19th century were: Nižepole, Malovište, Resen, Jankovec, Ohrid, Struga, Dolna Belica, Gorna Belica, Drenok, Modrič, Vevčani, Višni, Podgorci, Labuništa, Prilep, Gradešnica, Bešište, Budimirci, Kičevo, Veles, and Bogomila, and in fewer numbers in the regions of Skopje, Kočani, Kumanovo, and Gostivar.[14] By the 1860s, many Aromanians had joined the agitation present in Macedonia and supported the Macedonian Revolutionary movement. Many Aromanians had also identified with Romanians or Greeks, some with Bulgarians. The first Romanian school was established in 1864 in the village of Trnovo by the Aromanian Dimitri Atanasescu and was followed by another 40 Romanian language Aromanian schools. Many of these schools provided an education in both the Romanian and Aromanian languages. In the late 19th century a split between the Grecophile and Romanophile Aromanians occurred. This struggle became violent with schools burnt down, cemeteries desecrated and people assaulted.[12] The Aromanian people participated in the Ilinden Uprising and the establishment of the Kruševo Republic. The Kruševo Republic is hailed by Aromanians as the Ten Days of Freedom. The Prime Minister of the Republic was Dinu Vangel, with other Aromanians occupying high administrative positions too. Another notable Aromanian who participated was the heroic Pitu Guli who was killed on the Mečkin Kamen (Bear's Rock).
After the First Balkan War most of the Romanian schools were closed down. Many of the Aromanian villages were destroyed during World War I. To escape the conflict many Aromanians fled to Greece or Romania. Aromanians who lived in what is now known as North Macedonia were subject to strict Serbianization along with the rest of the population. After the outbreak of World War II most Aromanians once again found themselves subject to Bulgarian control.[12] Many Aromanians joined the Communist Partisans.
After the war many Aromanians began to assert their ethnic identity. High levels of intermarriage with Macedonians and urbanization also began to affect the community. In the 1970s new initiatives were started to create Aromanian social and cultural societies. The Society of Arts and Culture (Aromanian: Sutsata di Culturi sh Arti) was established in 1979 and in 1981 another cultural society was established. In 1985 the first Aromanian song was recorded by Risto Pulevski-Kicha. A tape was made for Macedonian television and this tape was used to support the request to create a cultural society. The Pitu Guli society of Skopje and the Manaki Brothers Society of Bitola were founded.[citation needed]
After the Declaration of Independence from Yugoslavia, Aromanians were officially recognised as a minority group. They receive full minority rights from the Macedonian government. Currently, the Aromanians have two political parties on North Macedonia, the Democratic Union of the Vlachs of Macedonia (DSVM) and the Party of the Vlachs of Macedonia (PVM). Both have little political importance and have no seats in the Parliament of North Macedonia. The only other Aromanian political party apart from these two is the Alliance for Equality and European Justice (ABDE) in Albania.[citation needed]
Minority status
edit
The Aromanians are an officially recognised minority group in North Macedonia under the name "Vlachs".[15] The Aromanian language is taught among Aromanian students and the language is co-official in the Krusevo municipality. Aromanian-language media is available, and regular television and radio broadcasts in the Aromanian language help to ensure its survival. The Aromanian National Day is officially celebrated in North Macedonia on May 23.[16] The Aromanians are represented in the political life of North Macedonia through two parties.
Culture
editThe Aromanian National Day is celebrated on May 23.
Language
editAromanians have traditionally spoken the Aromanian language. Use of this language has recently been in a period of decline. High rates of intermarriage with Macedonians and assimilation have reduced the number of speakers. The Kruševo municipality is the only place in the world where the Aromanian language is a recognised minority language. The language has recently undergone a revival and is now taught to Aromanian students throughout the country.[12] While 8,714 individuals declared Aromanian ethnicity in the 2021 census, only 3,151 declared Aromanian to be their mother tongue.[17]
Media
editMany forms of Aromanian-language media have been established since the 1990s. The Macedonian Government provides financial assistance to Aromanian-language newspapers and radio stations. Aromanian-language newspapers such as Phoenix (Aromanian: Fenix) service the Aromanian community. The Aromanian television program Spark (Aromanian: Scanteao, Macedonian: Искра) broadcasts on the second channel of the Macedonian Radio-Television.[citation needed]
Historical censuses
edit| Ethnic group |
census 1948 | census 1953 | census 1961 | census 1971 | census 1981 | census 1991 | census 1994 | census 2002 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Vlachs | 9,511 | 0.8 | 8,668 | 0.7 | 8,046 | 0.6 | 7,190 | 0.4 | 6,392 | 0.3 | 7,764 | 0.4 | 8,601 | 0.4 | 9,695 | 0.5 |
1900 census
edit| Region | Population |
|---|---|
| Veles | 500 |
| Kavadarci | 122 |
| Gevgelija | 9430 |
| Skopje | 450 |
| Tetovo | 50 |
| Kumanovo | 50 |
| Kratovo | 340 |
| Kriva Palanka | 220 |
| Kočani | 2020 |
| Bitola | 15690 |
| Kruševo | 4095 |
| Resen | 3210 |
| Prilep | 745 |
| Ohrid | 1960 |
| Total | 38,882[19] |
Notable people
edit- Dimitri Atanasescu (1836–1907) - educator
- Constantin Belimace (1848–1932) - Aromanian writer
- Leon Boga (1886–1974) - Aromanian writer, schoolteacher and archivist in Romania
- Kaliopi Bukle (1966– ) - pop singer; half Aromanian
- Theodor Capidan (1879–1953) - linguist and academic
- Petre Čašule (1882–1924) - revolutionary
- Taki Fiti (1950– ) - Minister of Finance, 1996-1998
- Pitu Guli (1865–1903) - Ilinden revolutionary
- Taki Hrisik (1920–1983) - composer and musician
- Constantin Iotzu (1884–1962) - architect
- Patriarch Joachim III of Constantinople (1834–1912) - patriarch, of Aromanian parents
- Niku Karanika (1910–2002) - Aromanian poet
- Hari Kostov (1959– ) - Minister of Internal Affairs, 2002-2004; prime minister of Macedonia, May–November 2004
- Jani Makraduli (1965– ) - politician in the Republic of Macedonia
- Milton Manakis (1878–1954) - cinematographic pioneer; with Yannakis Manakis, the first people to film the Balkans
- Yannakis Manakis (1882–1964) - cinematographic pioneer; with Milton Manakis, the first people to film the Balkans
- Apostol Margarit (1832–1903) - educator
- Miho Mihajlovski (1915-2003) - Macedonian revolutionary
- Ștefan Mihăileanu (1859-1900) - Aromanian nationalist
- Atanasios Piteon (1836–1913) - revolutionary
- Cincar-Janko (1779–1833) - Serbian revolutionary
- Toše Proeski (1981–2007) - pop singer
- Alexandros Svolos (1892–1956) - Greek politician
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Evans & Briggs 2019, p. 46.
- ^ Minahan 2002, p. 175.
- ^ Minahan 2002, p. 179.
- ^ Commissioner 2022.
- ^ Minahan 2013, p. 175.
- ^ Poulton 1995, p. 17.
- ^ Bechev 2019, p. 303.
- ^ Trencsényi et al. 2016, p. 539.
- ^ Ersoy et al. 2006, p. 4.
- ^ Koço 2015, p. 70.
- ^ Parliamentary Assembly Council of Europe. RECOMMENDATION 1333. 1997. [1]. Retrieved on 4 Jul 2008
- ^ a b c d NL23_1: Aromanians of Macedonia Archived May 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Isidor Iesan: Secta patarena in Balcani si in Dacia traiana,Institutul de arte grafice C. Sfetea, Bucuresti, 1912
- ^ Nikola Minov: The War of Numbers and its First Victim: The Aromanians in Macedonia (End of 19th – Beginning of 20th century), pages 159-174, in Macedonian Historical Review 3 (2012)
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.coe.int. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Macedonian Information Agency". Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
- ^ 2021 census, municipality by mother tongue
- ^ "Dabase". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2011. Censuses of Population 1948-2002 State Statistical Office
- ^ Македония. Етнография и статистика, В. К'нчовъ, София, 1900
Bibliography
edit- Bechev, D. (2019). Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia. Historical Dictionaries of Europe. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1-5381-1962-4.
- Commissioner, United Nations High (30 December 2022). "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia". Refworld.
- Ersoy, A.; Trencsényi, B.; Kopeček, M.; Górny, M.; Kechriotis, V. (2006). Late Enlightenment: Emergence of modern national ides. Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe. Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-7326-52-3.
- Evans, T.; Briggs, P. (2019). North Macedonia. Bradt Travel Guide. Macedonia. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-78477-084-6.
- Koço, E. (2015). A Journey of the Vocal Iso(n). Cambridge Scholars Publisher. ISBN 978-1-4438-7578-3.
- Minahan, J. (2013). Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-94010-2.
- Minahan, J. (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z [4 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-07696-1.
- Poulton, H. (1995). Who are the Macedonians?. Hurst. ISBN 978-1-85065-238-0.
- Trencsényi, B.; Janowski, M.; Baar, M.; Falina, M.; Kopecek, M. (2016). A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe: Volume I: Negotiating Modernity in the 'Long Nineteenth Century'. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-105695-6.
