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Prince Arthur of Connaught

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Prince Arthur of Connaught (Arthur Frederick Patrick Albert; 13 January 1883 – 12 September 1938) was a British military officer and a grandson of Queen Victoria. He served as Governor-General of the Union of South Africa from 20 November 1920 to 21 January 1924.

Prince Arthur
Arthur in the robes of the Order of the Garter
3rd Governor-General of South Africa
In office
20 November 1920 – 21 January 1924
MonarchGeorge V
Prime MinisterJan Smuts
Preceded byThe Viscount Buxton
Succeeded byThe Earl of Athlone
Born(1883-01-13)13 January 1883
Windsor Castle, Berkshire
Died12 September 1938(1938-09-12) (aged 55)
Belgravia, London, England
Burial22 September 1938
Royal Vault, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
later Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1913)​
IssueAlastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
Names
Arthur Frederick Patrick Albert
HouseSaxe-Coburg and Gotha
(until 1917)
Windsor (from 1917)
FatherPrince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
MotherPrincess Louise Margaret of Prussia

Early life

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Prince Arthur was born on 13 January 1883 at Windsor Castle. His father was Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, third son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. His mother was the former Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia.

Arthur was baptised in the Private Chapel of Windsor Castle on 16 February 1883, and his godparents were Queen Victoria (his paternal grandmother), the German Empress (his maternal great-grandaunt, for whom his paternal aunt Princess Beatrice stood proxy), Prince Friedrich Leopold of Prussia (his maternal uncle, who was represented by the German Ambassador Count Münster), Princess Henry of the Netherlands (his maternal aunt, who was represented by Countess Münster), the Duke of Cambridge (his first cousin twice removed), and the Duke of Edinburgh (his paternal uncle, whose brother the Prince of Wales represented him).[citation needed]

Arthur was the first British royal prince to be educated at Eton College.[citation needed] He was known to his family as "young Arthur" to distinguish him from his father.

Military career

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Prince Arthur was educated at Eton College, but left there early to enter the Royal Military College, Sandhurst at the age of sixteen years and two months.[1] From there he was commissioned into the 7th (Queen's Own) Hussars as a second lieutenant in May 1901. He saw his first active posting the following year. After the end of the Second Boer War in June 1902, most of the British troops left South Africa, but the 7th Hussars were posted there to keep the peace. Prince Arthur and 230 men of his regiment left Southampton in the SS Ortona in October 1902,[2] and arrived at Cape Town later the same month. He spent several months stationed at Krugersdorp. In 1905, he became an aide-de-camp to his uncle, King Edward VII. In 1907, he was promoted to the rank of captain in the 2nd Dragoons (Royal Scots Greys). He became the honorary Colonel-in-Chief of this regiment in 1920.

During the First World War, Prince Arthur served as aide-de-camp to Generals Sir John French and Sir Douglas Haig, the successive commanders of the British Expeditionary Force in France and Belgium. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1919. In October 1920, Prince Arthur was promoted to the honorary rank of major general. He became a colonel in the reserves in 1922.

Since the king's children were too young to undertake public duties until after the First World War, Prince Arthur carried out a variety of ceremonial duties at home and overseas. This included opening the Scottish National Exhibition, which was held in Saughton Park, Edinburgh. One of the attractions was the Senegal Village with its French-speaking Senegalese residents, on show demonstrating their way of life, art and craft while living in beehive huts.[3]

Marriage

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The wedding day of Prince Arthur of Connaught and the Duchess of Fife

On 15 October 1913, Prince Arthur married his first cousin once removed Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife (17 May 1891 – 26 February 1959) at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace, London.[4] She was the eldest daughter and heiress of Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife, by his wife Louise, Princess Royal, the eldest daughter of King Edward VII. They had one son Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn.

Later life

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After the accession of his cousin, King George V, Prince Arthur and his father were the most senior male members of the royal family over the age of 18 to reside in the United Kingdom. As such, he undertook a wide variety of royal duties on behalf of the King, and acted as a Counsellor of State during periods of the King's absence abroad.

 
Prince Arthur of Connaught presenting the Order of the Garter to the Meiji Emperor of Japan

In 1906, by order of the King, Arthur's father vested the Meiji emperor of Japan with the Order of the Garter, as a consequence of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. In 1918, Arthur was a guest aboard the Japanese battlecruiser Kirishima when she voyaged from Japan to Canada.[5] He visited Tokyo and then Nagoya and was welcomed at Tsuruma Park and the Buntenkaku, and then traveled on to Kyoto.[6] In 1920, Prince Arthur succeeded Viscount Buxton as governor-general and commander-in-chief in South Africa. The Earl of Athlone succeeded him in these posts in 1924. Upon returning to Britain, Prince Arthur became involved in a number of charitable organizations, including serving as chairman of the board of directors of Middlesex Hospital. Like his father, the Duke of Connaught, he was active in the Freemasons, becoming Provincial Grand Master for Berkshire in 1924.

In May 1935, he was appointed High Steward (civic) of Reading, Berkshire, a post which had been vacant since 1910. One of his last public appearances was at the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in May 1937.

Prince Arthur of Connaught died of stomach cancer at age 55 on 12 September 1938 at his London home – 41 Belgrave Square, Belgravia, London. His coffin was subsequently taken to the Middlesex Hospital, where Prince Arthur had been the chairman, and his body lay-in-state in the private chapel, with nurses from the hospital keeping vigil. Following his funeral at St George's Chapel, Windsor on 16 September 1938, his remains were interred in the Royal Vault, beneath St George's Chapel on 22 September 1938. He was later reburied privately in the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore.[7] His will was sealed in London in 1939. His estate was valued at £109,418 (or £4.9 million in 2022 when adjusted for inflation).[8] His father, the Duke of Connaught, survived him by four years. Prince Arthur's son, who used the courtesy title Earl of MacDuff after 1917, succeeded his paternal grandfather as 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Earl of Sussex in 1942, but died the following year.

Honours and arms

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Military ranks

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  • 2Lt: 2nd Lieutenant, 7th (Queen's Own) Hussars (8 May 1901)
  • Lt: Lieutenant, 7th (Queen's Own) Hussars (14 January 1903)
  • Capt: Captain, 2nd Dragoons (The Royal Scots Greys) (27 April 1907)
  • Bvt Maj: Brevet Major (14 October 1913)
  • Maj: Major, 2nd Dragoons (The Royal Scots Greys) (19 August 1915)
  • Bvt LtCol: Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel (3 June 1919)[9]
  • Retired from active service (31 December 1919)[10]
  • Hon Maj-Gen: Honorary Major-General (27 October 1920)[11]
  • Col: Colonel, Reserve of Officers (1 March 1922[12] to 13 January 1938[13])

Honours

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Orders and appointments[14]
Medals[14]

Honorary military appointments

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Arms

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As a male-line grandchild of a British sovereign, Prince Arthur was awarded, on his twenty-first birthday, the use of the royal arms, with an inescutcheon of the shield of Saxony, and differenced by a label argent, of five points, the outer pair and central point bearing crosses gules, and the inner pair fleur-de-lys azure. In 1917, the inescutcheon was dropped by royal warrant from George V.[33]

 
 
 
Prince Arthur's coat of arms after 1917
Arthur's banner of arms after 1917, a five-point label, the first, third and fifth points charged with the Cross of St. George, the second and fourth points charged with fleurs-de-lis
Arthur's banner of arms prior to 1917 with the coat of arms of the Royal House of Saxony superimposed on it

Ancestry

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References

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  1. ^ Sir John George Smyth, Sandhurst: The History of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, 1741-1961 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1961), p. 94
  2. ^ "Departure of Prince Arthur of Connaught for South Africa". The Times. No. 36893. London. 8 October 1902. p. 8.
  3. ^ "Saughton Park". Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  4. ^ "Royal Wedding Group". National Portrait Gallery, London.
  5. ^ Hackett, Robert; Kingsepp, Sander (2001–2009). "IJN KIRISHIMA: Tabular Record of Movement". Combined Fleet. CombinedFleet.com. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
  6. ^ "The visit of HRH Prince Arthur to Japan". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  7. ^ "Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805". College of St George - Windsor Castle. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  8. ^ Evans, Rob; Pegg, David (18 July 2022). "£187m of Windsor family wealth hidden in secret royal wills". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  9. ^ "No. 31377". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 June 1919. p. 7006.
  10. ^ Quarterly Army List for quarter ending 31st December 1919 (London, 1920) Part I, p. 2002.
  11. ^ "No. 32099". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 October 1920. p. 10366.
  12. ^ "No. 32626". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 March 1922. p. 1797.
  13. ^ a b c "No. 34473". The London Gazette. 14 January 1938. p. 291. (Last reference to Prince Arthur's full titles)
  14. ^ a b "The Royal Lineage." Burke's Peerage. London: Burke's Peerage Ltd, 1949, p. cclxxviii.
  15. ^ "No. 27454". The London Gazette. 15 July 1902. p. 4509.
  16. ^ "No. 28384". The London Gazette. 14 June 1910. p. 4164.
  17. ^ "No. 27916". The London Gazette. 25 May 1906. p. 3655.
  18. ^ "No. 30953". The London Gazette. 15 October 1918. p. 12120.
  19. ^ "No. 27083". The London Gazette. 26 May 1899. p. 3335.
  20. ^ "No. 33284". The London Gazette. 14 June 1927. p. 3836.
  21. ^ "No. 27822". The London Gazette. 28 July 1905. p. 5219.
  22. ^ "Königliche Orden", Hof- und – Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern (in German), Munich: Druck and Verlag, 1914, p. 10
  23. ^ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 470. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.
  24. ^ "Ludewigs-orden", Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1914, p. 6 – via hathitrust.org
  25. ^ Italy. Ministero dell'interno (1920). Calendario generale del regno d'Italia. p. 57.
  26. ^ 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 150.
  27. ^ "Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden", Norges Statskalender (in Norwegian), 1908, pp. 869–870, retrieved 17 September 2021
  28. ^ "Rother Adler-orden", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), Berlin, 1895, p. 7 – via hathitrust.org{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  29. ^ Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish). 1925. p. 807. Retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org.
  30. ^ "Real y Distinguida Orden de Carlos III", Guóa Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1930, p. 221, retrieved 21 March 2019
  31. ^ "No. 23523". The London Gazette (Supplement). 18 November 1921. p. 9220.
  32. ^ "No. 34396". The London Gazette (Supplement). 11 May 1937. p. 3073.
  33. ^ Heraldica – British Royalty Cadency
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Prince Arthur of Connaught
Cadet branch of the House of Wettin
Born: 13 January 1883 Died: 12 September 1938
Government offices
Preceded by Governor-General of South Africa
1920–1924 		Succeeded by
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