The Saho are a Cushitic ethnic group who inhabit large sections of Eritrea and northern Ethiopia.[5][6] They speak Saho as a mother tongue.[7]
ሳሆ | |
|---|---|
 Saho women | |
| Total population | |
| 250,000–650,000 (2015 estimate)[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Eritrea | 253,000 (2010 estimate)[2] |
 Ethiopia | 37,000 (2012 estimate)[3] |
| Languages | |
| Saho | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly Sunni Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
Society
editEthnicity and societal structure
editAccording to Abdulkader Saleh Mohammad, most of the Saho (like the Afar and the Somali) have a primordial view of their own ethnicity, and claim to be descended from Arabian immigrants; this in turn allows for an identification with the family of Muhammad, and for an association of their history with that of the Near East. The societal structure is patrilineal and hierarchic, with society vertically organized in tribes and clans and families. The tribe (meela, kisho, or qabila) is organized into sub-tribes (gaysha, harak, or 'are) or clans (dik or 'are), but these two concepts are not always clearly distinguished, which are the most important strata because they indicate an individual's "personal descent or origin". Family descent is memorized going back at least 30 or 40 generations. Also memorized and narrated are laws and customs, and consanguinity plays an important role in these traditions, indicating again the primordial quality of tribal and ethnic identity.[8]
Economy
editMost Saho are pastoralists that also engage in some agriculture but a few groups are settled farmers.[9]
Demographics
editThe total population of the Saho is unclear due to conflicting figures. However, most Saho reside in Eritrea. According to a 2015 estimate, the total population ranges anywhere from 250,000 to 650,000.[10] According to Saho advocacy groups, they estimated that the population of Sahos in Eritrea was about 206,000 in 2016.[11] The Saho represent about 4% of the population of Eritrea as of 2021.[12] A 2012 estimate placed the Saho-speaking population of Ethiopia at 37,000.[13]
According to Ethnologue, there are approximately 220,000 total Saho speakers as of 2015. Most are concentrated in Eritrea with the remainder inhabiting Ethiopia.[14][15] Within Eritrea, the Saho primarily reside in the Southern and Northern Red Sea regions.[14]
Language
editThe Saho people speak the Saho language as a mother tongue. It belongs to the Saho-Afar dialect cluster of the Lowland East Cushitic languages, which are part of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family.[16] and is closely related to Afar and Somali. Many Saho people have mingled with other Muslim tribes such as the Jeberti (Tigrinya-speaking Muslims) and the Tigre and have as a result adopted those tribes languages.
Religion
editThe Saho are predominantly Muslim. Majority of the Saho had adopted Islam by the 13th century due to the growing influence of mystics and traders from the Arabian peninsula.[17] A few Christians, who are also known as the Irob, live in the Tigray region of Ethiopia and the Debub Region of Eritrea.[18]
Customary law
editRegarding the customary law of the Saho, when there is an issue the Saho tend to call for a meeting or conference which they call rahbe. In such a meeting the Saho people discuss how to solve issues related to water, pasture or land, clan disputes and how to alleviate these problems. This is also discussed with neighboring tribes or ethnic groups and sub-clans to reach a consensus.[19]
A skilled representative is chosen for this meeting, this representative is called a madarre. A madarre brings forth arguments to his audience and sub-clans or tribes who are involved and tries to win them over. This is discussed with clan or tribal wise men or elders, ukal. On smaller scale conflicts between 2 individuals, one of the 2 takes their grievances to the ukal, they in turn appoint shimagale or mediators for the dispute.[19]
Among the Saho there is a sub-clan called the Gadafur. The Gadafur are an independent sub-clan affiliated with the Minifere tribes and are believed to be originally from the tribe of Gadabuursi.[20]
Notable Saho
editIbrahim Omer, New Zealand MP
Osman Ayfarah, British principal presenter at Al Jazeera Channel (Arabic) who worked for a number of channels including Dubai TV, Al Arabiya and BBC Arabi.[21]
References
editNotes
edit- ^ Minahan, James B. (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 361. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
- ^ "Saho". Ethnologue. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ^ Shinn, David H.; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (2013). Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. Scarecrow Press. pp. 231–232. ISBN 978-0-8108-7457-2.
- ^ Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa: The Allocation of Property Rights and Implications for Development. Universal-Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 1581120001.
- ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 2010-04-06. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
- ^ "FindArticles.com - CBSi". findarticles.com. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
- ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 2010-04-06. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
- ^ Mohammad 58.
- ^ Connell, Dan (2019). Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 454–455. ISBN 978-1-5381-2066-8.
- ^ Minahan, James B. (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 361. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
- ^ "The 'Animal Caretakers': The Saho of Eritrea". Eritrea Ministry Of Information. 2016-08-26. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- ^ "Eritrea", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2022-04-22, retrieved 2022-05-05
- ^ Shinn, David H.; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (2013). Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. Scarecrow Press. pp. 231–232. ISBN 978-0-8108-7457-2.
- ^ a b "Saho". ethnologue.com. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
- ^ "Saho, Irob in Ethiopia".
- ^ Mohammad 162.
- ^ Miran, Jonathan (2005). "A Historical Overview of Islam in Eritrea". Die Welt des Islams. 45 (2): 177–215. doi:10.1163/1570060054307534.
- ^ "allsaho.com". Retrieved 18 January 2017.
- ^ a b Qānūn Al-ʻurfī Li-muslimī Ākalaguzāī. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 26.
- ^ Mohammad, Abdulkader Saleh (2013-01-01). The Saho of Eritrea: Ethnic Identity and National Consciousness. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 9783643903327.
- ^ "Osman Ayfarah". Al Jazeera.
Bibliography
edit- Mohammad, Abdulkader Saleh (2013). The Saho of Eritrea: Ethnic Identity and National Consciousness. Münster: LIT Verlag. ISBN 9783643903327.