The San Jose scale or China scale, (Comstockaspis perniciosus), is a hemipterous insect in the family Diaspididae.[1] It is an agricultural pest as it causes damage and crop losses to many fruit crops. In 1914, this species became the first documented case of insecticide resistance.[2][3][4]
| San Jose scale | |
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| Male | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Sternorrhyncha |
| Family: | Diaspididae |
| Subfamily: | Aspidiotinae |
| Tribe: | Aspidiotini |
| Genus: | Comstockaspis |
| Species: | C. perniciosus
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| Binomial name | |
| Comstockaspis perniciosus (Comstock), 1881
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| Synonyms | |
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Distribution
editThis species originated in Siberia, north east China and the northern part of the Korean peninsula. It has spread to every continent except Antarctica and is a major pest of fruit trees.[5]
Arrival in the United States
editThe San Jose scale derives its popular name from San Jose, California where Comstock discovered and named it in 1881. It has been considered the most pernicious scale insect in the United States. It was probably introduced at San Jose about 1870 on trees imported from China by James Lick.[citation needed] By 1890, it had spread over the greater part of California, but was not recognized east of the Rocky Mountains until August 1893, when it was found by Howard on a pear received from Charlottesville, Virginia. Soon afterward it was discovered that infested stock had been brought from California in 1887 or 1888 by two New Jersey nurseries and distributed widely. By 1895 the pest had become established in many nurseries and orchards in the majority of the Eastern States. Marlatt made entomological investigations in China, Japan, and Java in 1901–02. He introduced the ladybird to the United States in order to control the San Jose scale.[6]
Description
editThe body of adult female is yellow and is covered with a rounded dark gray scale up to two millimetres in diameter. Over the course of two months, yellow crawlers are born viviparously and emerge from the back of the test at the rate of two or three a day. In bad weather they gather under their mother's scale. The crawlers disperse to other parts of the plant and start feeding. They moult after about ten days and begin to lose their eyes, legs and antennae. The adult female appears after the next moult and the scale develops, incorporating the larval exuviae. The development of the male involves three moults. The male nymph is more elongate than the female and the adult male is orange coloured and has wings. It lives only for a few hours.[5]
Ecology
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This species is found in both temperate and subtropical climates. It infests about two hundred different species of host plant, mostly deciduous trees and bushes. It is found on the trunks, branches, twigs, leaves and fruits of the plant. Females predominate on the leaf stalks and fruit while males predominate on the leaves. There may be several generations each year in warm climates but in cooler regions there is a single generation. The first and second instars may overwinter in cracks in the bark and the hibernating nymphs can survive temperatures as low as −42 °C. The emergence of the nymphs in the spring coincides with bud burst.[5]
References
edit- ^ Kosztarab, M. 1996. Scale Insects of Northeastern North America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication Number 3.
- ^ Melander, A. L. 1914. "Can Insects Become Resistant to Sprays?" Journal of Economic Entomology. Volume 7, Number 2
- ^ García Morales, M.; Denno, B. D.; Miller, D. R.; Miller, G. L.; et al. (2019). "ScaleNet: A literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics". doi:10.1093/database/bav118. Retrieved 2019-10-24.
- ^ "GBIF, Comstockaspis perniciosa". Retrieved 2024-10-19.
- ^ a b c AgroAtlas
- ^
- Sumner, Daniel A.; Buck Jr., Frank H. (2003). Exotic Pests and Diseases: Biology and Economics for Biosecurity. Ames, Iowa, US: Iowa State Press. pp. 63/ix+265. ISBN 978-0-470-29012-5. OCLC 212121111.
- Marlatt, Charles Lester (August 1902). "The Discovery of the Native Home of the San Jose Scale in Eastern China and the Importation of its Natural Enemy". Popular Science Monthly (65). Archived from the original on 2022-12-08. Retrieved 2022-06-02.
Literature
edit- Numerous articles by L. O. Howard, C. L. Marlatt, A. L. Quaintance, and others, published by the United States Bureau of Entomology (Washington, 1896 et seq.); W. G. Johnson, Fumigation Methods (New York, 1902); United States Department of Agriculture, The Farmer's Bulletin, No. 650 (Washington, 1915), and the publications of the State agricultural experiment stations.