Wilhelm Gustloff (30 January 1895 – 4 February 1936) was a German politician and meteorologist who founded the Swiss branch of the Nazi Party/Foreign Organization (NSDAP/AO) at Davos in 1932. The NSDAP/AO was formed as the wing of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) for German citizens living outside Germany. Gustloff continued to lead the Swiss branch of the NSDAP/AO until 1936, when he was assassinated by David Frankfurter, a Croatian Jew angered by the growth of the NSDAP. After killing Gustloff, Frankfurter immediately surrendered to the authorities and confessed to the Swiss police that "I fired the shots because I am a Jew."[1]
Wilhelm Gustloff | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 30 January 1895 Schwerin, Germany |
| Died | 4 February 1936 (aged 41) Davos, Switzerland |
| Occupation | head of the Swiss NSDAP/AO |
Life and assassination
editGustloff was a son of merchant Herrmann Gustloff and his wife.[2] After his education, he worked for the Swiss government as a meteorologist, and joined the NSDAP in 1927.[3] He assisted in the distribution of the antisemitic propaganda book The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (1903). Members of the Swiss Jewish community sued the book's distributor, the Swiss NSDAP/AO, for libel.[citation needed]
Gustloff was shot and killed in Davos in 1936 by David Frankfurter, a Yugoslav Jewish student (from what is now Croatia), who was incensed by the growth of the NSDAP.[4]
Frankfurter surrendered immediately to the Swiss police, confessing "I fired the shots because I am a Jew".[5] Unlike Maurice Conradi, who killed a Soviet diplomat in Lausanne in 1923 with similar political motives, he was convicted and sentenced to 18 years imprisonment.[6]
He was incarcerated during the war years in a Swiss prison.[6] On May 17, 1945[7] — shortly after V-E Day — Frankfurter was pardoned by a Swiss court.[7]
Aftermath
editGustloff was given a state funeral in his birthplace of Schwerin in Mecklenburg, with Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, Hermann Göring, Heinrich Himmler, Martin Bormann and Joachim von Ribbentrop in attendance. Thousands of Hitler Youth members lined the route. His coffin, transported on a special train from Davos to Schwerin, made stops in Stuttgart, Würzburg, Erfurt, Halle, Magdeburg and Wittenberg. Gustloff's widow, mother and brother attended the funeral and received personal condolences from Hitler. Ernst Wilhelm Bohle was the first at Gustloff's funeral to recite a few lines in his honour.
Gustloff was proclaimed a Blutzeuge of the Nazi cause. His murder became part of the propaganda that served as pretext for the 1938 Kristallnacht pogrom. His wife Hedwig, who had been Hitler's secretary, received from Hitler personally a monthly "honorary pay" of 400 ℛ︁ℳ︁, the equivalent of some US$13,000 today.
Unlike the assassination of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grynszpan in Paris in 1938, Gustloff's death was not immediately politicized to incite Kristallnacht. Hitler did not want to risk any domestic bouts of antisemitism to cause Germany to lose the recently awarded right to host the 1936 Summer Olympics. His antisemitic policies had already led to some calls to relocate the games. Nevertheless, an editorial on the front page of Völkischer Beobachter demanded Frankfurter's execution.[6][8]
Namesakes
editThe German cruise ship MV Wilhelm Gustloff was named for Gustloff by the Nazi regime. The ship was sunk by the Soviet submarine S-13 on 30 January 1945 (coincidentally the 50th anniversary of her namesake's birth) in the Baltic Sea while carrying civilian refugees and military personnel fleeing from the advancing Red Army. About 9,400 people died, the greatest death toll from the sinking of a single vessel in human history. The disaster remains relatively unknown.
In 1933[citation needed] the Nazi Party created the Wilhelm-Gustloff-Stiftung ("The Wilhelm Gustloff Foundation"), a national corporation funded by properties and wealth confiscated from Jews. It ran the Gustloff Werke ("Gustloff Factories"), a group of businesses that had been confiscated from their Jewish owners or partners.
The small arms factory Berlin Suhler Waffen und Fahrzeugwerke was renamed Wilhelm Gustloff Werke in Gustloff's honour in 1939.
See also
edit- Assassination in Davos, a 1975 Swiss feature film concerning the assassination.
- Crabwalk – the assassination of Gustloff is an element of the plot of this 2002 novel, even though its main subject is the sinking of the passenger ship named in his memory.
- Herbert Norkus
- Horst Wessel
- List of Nazis who died in the Beer Hall Putsch
References
editThis article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (March 2009) |
- ^ "A Survey of Nazi and Pro-Nazi Groups in Switzerland: 1930-1945". Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2012-06-26.
- ^ info from Günter Grass's Crabwalk
- ^ Peter Bollier: Die NSDAP unter dem Alpenfirn. Geschichte einer existenziellen Herausforderung für Davos, Graubünden und die Schweiz, Bündner Monatsblatt Verlag Desertina 2016, ISBN 978-3-85637-490-7, Page 30
- ^ "I Kill a Nazi Gauleiter: Memoir of a Jewish Assassin". February 1950.
- ^ Kontje, Todd Curtis. German Orientalisms. p. 222.
- ^ a b c Frum, David (December 19, 2016). "Why the Shooting in Ankara Won't Start World War III". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
- ^ a b "David Frankfurter, Who Killed Swiss Nazi Leader, Pardoned; Served Nine Years" (PDF). JTA Daily News Bulletin. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 18 May 1945. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
- ^ Times, Otto D. Tolischus wireless To the New York (1936-02-07). "NAZIS URGE SWISS TO EXECUTE KILLER; Hitler's Paper Demands Death Penalty for Gustloff's Slayer, but Berne Law Bars It. PROTEST RALLIES IN REICH Party Orders Those Engaging in Anti-Semitic Violence Be Expelled on the Spot". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
Further reading
edit- Peter Bollier, 4. Februar 1936: das Attentat auf Wilhelm Gustloff; in: Roland Aergerter (Hrsg.), Politische Attentate des 20. Jahrhunderts, Zürich, NZZ Verlag, 1999
- Matthieu Gillabert, La propagande nazie en Suisse, L'affaire Gustloff 1936, Lausanne, Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, 2008
- Emil Ludwig; Peter O. Chotjewitz; Helmut Kreuzer (Hrsg.), Der Mord in Davos, Herbstein, März, 1986
- Roger Weston: Fatal Return, 2012. Novel linked to the history and sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff.
External links
edit- Wilhelm Gustloff in the Dodis database of the Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland
- The "Reichskristallnacht" Pogrom of the 9/10 November 1938. Archived 22 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- A Survey of Nazi and Pro-Nazi Groups in Switzerland: 1930-1945 Archived 2012-05-10 at the Wayback Machine
- Newspaper clippings about Wilhelm Gustloff in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW