Astracantha is a genus of planktonic phaeodaria and the only member of the family Astracanthidae. They are an unusual family of marine protists, but can be found across all oceans, from tropical to Arctic and Antarctic waters.
| Astracantha | |
|---|---|
| |
| Illustration of A. paradoxa[1] | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
| Clade: | SAR |
| Phylum: | Cercozoa |
| Class: | Thecofilosea |
| Order: | Opaloconchida |
| Suborder: | Phaeocystina |
| Family: | Astracanthidae Haeckel, 1887 |
| Genus: | Astracantha Haecker, 1908[1] |
| Species | |
Morphology
edit
This genus is characterized by a skeleton or theca comprised by 30 to 40 hollow spines radiating from the central focal point. Midway along each spine there are numerous short, irregularly spaced, outwardly curved branches that bear terminal thorns proximally (i.e. closer to the cell), but become terminally (i.e. further from the cell) smooth-pointed and slightly thicker. The length of their radial tubes is around 1.8 millimeters.[2]
Distribution
editThe Astracanthidae are a very unusual family of phaeodarians. Astracantha paradoxa was reported in 1908 by Valentin Haecker in five warm water stations in the Atlantic and Indian oceans. In 1986 it was reported for the first time from the Antarctic and South Pacific oceans. Astracantha heteracantha was reported by Haecker twice, once in the Antarctic and once in the tropical Atlantic,[3] and later has been found abundantly in the South Atlantic.[2] In samples taken by the oceanographic research ship Eltanin, both species were present but scarce at all localities, except the Ross Sea, where A. paradoxa was absent.[3] Astracantha heteracanthoides is found in deep waters of the tropical Atlantic.[4]
Taxonomy
editAstracantha was first described by the zoologist Valentin Haecker in 1908. It is the only member of the family Astracanthidae, described by Ernst Haeckel in 1887.[5] Four species are known:[3][1]
- Astracantha heteracantha Haecker, 1908
- Astracantha heteracanthoides Haecker, 1908
- Astracantha paradoxa Haecker, 1908
- Astracantha umbellifera Haecker, 1908
References
edit- ^ a b c Haecker, Valentin (1908). "Die Tripylien, Collodarien, und Mikroradiolarien der Tiersee" [The Tripylea, Collodaria, and Microradiolaria of the Thiersee] (PDF). Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer "Valdiva" 1898-1899 (in German). 14.
- ^ a b Kling, Stanley A.; Boltovskoy, Demetrio (1999). "Radiolaria Phaeodaria". In Boltovskoy, Demetrio (ed.). South Atlantic Zooplankton. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers. ISBN 90-5782-035-8.
- ^ a b c Tibbs, John Francisco; Tibbs, Sally Deck (1986). "Further Studies on the Phaeodaria (Protozoa: Radiolaria) of the Antarctic Seas". In Kornicker, Louis S. (ed.). Biology of the Antarctic Seas XVI. Antarctic Research. Vol. 41. pp. 167–202. doi:10.1002/9781118666579.ch4.
- ^ Nakamura, Yasuhide; Suzuki, Noritoshi (2015). "Chapter 9. Phaeodaria: Diverse Marine Cercozoans of World-Wide Distribution". In Ohtsuka, Susumu; Suzaki, Toshinobu; Horiguchi, Takeo; Suzuki, Noritoshi; Not, Fabrice (eds.). Marine Protists: Diversity and Dymanics. Springer Japan. pp. 223–249. doi:10.1007/978-4-431-55130-0_9. ISBN 978-4-431-55130-0.
- ^ Takahashi, Kozo; Anderson, O. R. (2000). "Class Phaeodarea" (PDF). In Lee, John J.; Leedale, Gordon F.; Bradbury, Phyllis (eds.). An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Lawrence, Kansas: Society of Protozoologists. pp. 981–994.