The bilateral relations between Australia and Israel were formally established in 1949.[1] Australia has an embassy in Tel Aviv and Israel has an embassy in Canberra.
 | |
 Israel |
 Australia |
|---|---|
| Diplomatic mission | |
| Israeli Embassy, Canberra | Australian Embassy, Tel Aviv |
| Envoy | |
| Ambassador Amir Maimon | Ambassador Dr Ralph King |
History
editBefore the establishment of Israel
edit
Four Australian Light Horse brigades and a battalion of camel troops took part in the Sinai Campaign of 1916–1917.
Sir John Monash, a prominent Jewish Australian was a general, civil engineer and public servant.
During World War II, many Australian units were based, at various times, in the Sinai. It was from there that Australian and other Commonwealth forces launched the Syria-Lebanon campaign of 1941.
The Australian foreign minister H.V. Evatt served as Chairman of the UN General Assembly's Ad Hoc Committee on Palestine and helped to push through the UN Partition Plan on November 29, 1947. Australia was the first country to vote in favour of the plan despite heavy pressure from the United Kingdom on its fellow Commonwealth nations to abstain on the resolution.[2]
Since 1948
editIsrael and Australia have had diplomatic relations since the Australian government of Ben Chifley recognised Israel on 28 January 1949.[3]
The Liberal–Country Party Coalition supported Israel during and after the 1967 Six-Day War. However, the subsequent Labor government led by Gough Whitlam, elected in 1972, shifted to what was described as a more "even-handed" approach to relations. The change came after the Yom Kippur War of 1973, and was linked with Whitlam's desire to be on friendlier terms with Arab countries.[4]
The subsequent Liberal government led by Malcolm Fraser, elected in 1975, expressed "support for United Nations Security Council Resolutions 242, 338 and 339 as providing the basis for a peaceful settlement". Fraser later said that Australia should "make more plain our commitment to the survival of Israel". In 1980, Andrew Peacock, then Minister for Foreign Affairs, said that "peace should be based ... upon Israel's rights to exist within secure and recognised boundaries; and upon recognition of the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people to a homeland alongside Israel". Peacock's statement was echoed by Fraser in 1982, who said "the legitimate rights of the Palestinians include a homeland alongside Israel".[5]
In the 1980s, Prime Minister Bob Hawke opposed UN Resolution 3379, which designated Zionism as a form of racism, labelling it a "blatant distortion of the truth".[6] Australia had voted against the resolution's adoption in 1975,[7] and sponsored its revocation in 1991.[8] Ties with Israel were strengthened under Prime Minister John Howard and Foreign Minister Alexander Downer, who supported Israel in the 2006 Lebanon War.[2]
While relations between the two countries were often shaped by the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Prime Minister John Howard stated that Australia's capacity to influence events within the region was limited and should not be overstated.[5]
A 2014 BBC World Service opinion poll found that 67% of Australians had a negative view of Israel's influence and 24% had a positive view. However, Israel was viewed less negatively than in the 2007 survey. Of the countries surveyed, only Indonesia and the UK had a greater proportion of their population view Israel negatively. No similar survey was conducted to ascertain Israeli perceptions of Australia.[9]
In December 2016, Foreign Minister Julie Bishop openly distanced Australia from the United States in response to their abstention regarding UNSC Resolution 2334, suggesting that Australia would have voted against the resolution had it been in the Security Council.[10] Australia was the only nation to have spoken out against the resolution besides Israel.
In February 2017, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu became the first incumbent Israeli leader to visit Australia. Netanyahu met with the Prime Minister and Malcolm Turnbull, Governor-General Sir Peter Cosgrove and other state and federal politicians.[11][12]
In May 2018, Australia's ambassador to Israel, Chris Cannan, along with other diplomats from Western powers, did not attend the opening of the new United States embassy in Jerusalem.
In October 2018, Australian prime minister Scott Morrison announced Australia was reviewing whether to move Australia's embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, and recognizing Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.[13] In December 2018, Morrison announced Australia has recognised West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel but will not immediately move its embassy from Tel Aviv.[14]
In October 2022, Australia reversed the previous government's decision and stated it would no longer recognise West Jerusalem as Israel's capital. Foreign Minister Penny Wong reaffirmed that Jerusalem's status should be decided through peace negotiations between Israelis and Palestinians.[15][16]
Prime Minister Anthony Albanese has openly condemned the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement.[17]
In August 2023, Wong reinstated the previous policy that had been in place up to 2014. Australia would once again refer to the West Bank, East Jerusalem and Gaza as "Occupied Palestinian Territories" and to Israeli settlements there as "illegal".[18][19] The foreign affairs minister of Australia has stated that the country has not given weapons to Israel since the start of the Israel-Hamas war.[20]
Tax treaties
editOn 28 March 2019, the governments of Australia and Israel signed the first tax treaty between the two countries, to prevent double taxation and tax avoidance.[21][22] In 2017–18, total merchandise trade between Australia and Israel was worth over $1 billion, and Israel's investment in Australia in 2017 was $301 million.[21] The treaty entered into force on 1 January 2020 after both countries completed their domestic ratification procedures.[23] In 2013, Australia's Department of Foreign Affairs describes Australia and Israel as having "a healthy commercial relationship with two-way trade worth $919 million."[24] In 2015–16, two-way goods and services trade amounted to $1.3 billion, of which Australian exports were worth $349 million and imports from Israel $952 million. In 2015, Australian investment in Israel totalled $663 million and Israeli investment in Australia was $262 million.[24]
Anzac Day
editIn Israel, Anzac Day is commemorated at the Commonwealth War cemetery on Mount Scopus in Jerusalem. The Australian Soldier Park in Beersheba is dedicated to the memory of the Australian Light Horse regiment that charged at Beersheba and defeated the Turks in World War I.[25]
Controversies
edit.jpg)
In the early 1980s, Australia's Minister for Foreign Affairs, Tony Street, criticised Israeli's Jerusalem Law and Golan Heights Law. When Israel invaded Lebanon in 1982, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser said Israel's actions were "of the gravest concern to the Australian Government and people", and were "short sighted and foolish".[5]
In May 2010, the Australian government expelled an Israeli diplomat over the use of Australian passports forged by the Israeli government which were used in the assassination of Mahmoud Al-Mabhouh. Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said that Israel had forged Australian passports previously, and while "Australia remains a firm friend of Israel ... our relationship must be conducted on the basis of mutual trust and respect".[26]
Tension rose again after the Gaza flotilla raid,[27] in which an Australian citizen was injured. Prime Minister Kevin Rudd condemned Israel's actions.[28]
In 2013, the ABC reported that a dual Australian-Israeli citizen, Ben Zygier, had died in Israeli custody in 2010.[29][circular reference] The ABC reported that Zygier, who had worked for Israeli security agency, Mossad, had been imprisoned after unintentionally sabotaging a spy operation dedicated to repatriating the bodies of Israeli soldiers killed during the Israel-Lebanon war of the 1980s.[30] This story reignited discussion about the potential for conflicts arising from dual citizenship in general, and about Jewish Australians' relationships to Israel.[31]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "The Israeli Government's Official Website, by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
- ^ a b "Australia and Israel: a unique friendship". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 13 March 2008. Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
- ^ "Australia Recognises Israel". Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate. NSW: National Library of Australia. 29 January 1949. p. 1. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
- ^ "Our 'disappointing relationship' with Gough". Australian Jewish News. 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
- ^ a b c Harris, Marty (13 August 2012). "Australia and the Middle East conflict: a history of key Government statements (1947–2007)". Australian Parliament. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
- ^ "Prime Minister Hon. Bob Hawke AC MHR moving a motion in the House of Representatives supporting the repeal of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379, 23 October 1986". Australia Israel Labor Dialogue. 23 October 1986. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
- ^ "UNBISnet". web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
- ^ "United Nations Bibliographic Information System".
- ^ "Negative views of Russia on the Rise: Global Poll" (PDF). BBC World Service. 3 June 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 September 2024. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
- ^ Greene, Andrew (29 December 2016). "Australia rejects Obama administration's stance against Israeli settlements". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- ^ Dorsett, Jesse; Belot, Henry (22 February 2017). "Netanyahu visit: Israel PM praises Malcolm Turnbull for calling out UN". ABC News (Australia). Archived from the original on 6 September 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
- ^ Frost, Carleen (22 February 2017). "Benjamin Netanyahu visit: Israeli PM pays tribute to ongoing 'warm friendship' with Australia". The Advertiser. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
- ^ Murphy, Katharine; McGowan, Michael; Davies, Anne (15 October 2018). "Jerusalem embassy move a 'sensible' proposal, says Scott Morrison". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
- ^ "Government recognises West Jerusalem as Israel's capital, embassy to stay put". ABC News. 14 December 2018. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
- ^ "Australia reverses decision to recognise West Jerusalem as Israel's capital". Reuters. 18 October 2022. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
- ^ "Australia reverses decision to recognise West Jerusalem as Israeli capital". BBC News. 18 October 2022. Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
- ^ Narunsky, Gareth (27 January 2022). "Spokesperson: Albo rejects BDS". Australian Jewish News. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
- ^ "Australia to Refer to West Bank, East Jerusalem as 'Occupied Territory,' Israeli Settlements as 'Illegal'". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 8 August 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ "Australia restores 'occupied Palestinian territories' terminology". TRT World. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ^ "Canada stops arms sales to Israel: Who else has blocked weapons exports?". Al Jazeera. 15 February 2024. Archived from the original on 27 August 2024. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
- ^ a b "Australia's newest tax treaty – good for business". www.australianjewishnews.com. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ Australian Government Treasury, Israel tax treaty Archived 9 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Your Taxes: Israel-Australia tax treaty". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 4 April 2019. Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ a b "Israel country brief". Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
- ^ "Mt Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel. Officers stand in front of the Stone of Remembrance where wreaths". Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
- ^ Maley, Paul (24 May 2010). "Rudd government to expel Israeli diplomat over forged passports used in Hamas hit". The Australian.
- ^ Koutsoukis, Jason (31 May 2010). "Gaza flotilla attack: Australian injured". Ashdod, Israel: Queensland Country Life. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ "Kevin Rudd has condemned Israel over raid on Gaza aid ships". news.com.au. 1 June 2010. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ Death of Ben Zygier
- ^ "Zygier sabotaged mission to bring home soldiers' remains". ABC News. 7 May 2013. Archived from the original on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
- ^ "Dual Loyalty Accusations Arise from the Ben Zygier Case". Galus Australis: Jewish Life in Australia. 22 February 2013. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013.
External links
edit