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Australia–Latvia relations

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Foreign relations exist between Australia and Latvia. Australia first recognised Latvia on 22 September 1921 and was among the first countries to re-recognise Latvia's independence on 27 August 1991. Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 21 November 1991. Australia is represented in Latvia through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden (since 1997) and an honorary consulate in Riga (since 1995). Latvia has had an embassy in Canberra since October 2021, and also has honorary consulates in Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide, Melbourne and Perth.[1]

Australia–Latvia relations
Map indicating locations of Australia and Latvia

Australia
Latvia
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Australia, StockholmEmbassy of Latvia, Canberra
Envoy
AmbassadorAmbassador

History

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Early diplomatic representation of Latvia as part of the Russian Empire (within the Governorates of Livonia, Courland, and Vitebsk) in Australia dates back to 1894, when the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire sent its first permanent consular representatives to Australia, based in Melbourne, and Latvians were counted in official statistics as part of the Russian community.[2]

Following the Latvian Declaration of Independence in 1918, from 1919 to 1921, Latvia and also Estonia were represented in Australia by the Finnish Consul in Sydney, Harald Tanner, with Finland being another country that had emerged from the dissolution of the Russian Empire. On 1 September 1921, formal relations between the two countries began when the Governor General of Australia recognised the appointment Carl Michael Alksne as the Consular Agent of the Republic of Latvia in Sydney, succeeding Consul Tanner, and Australia recognised Latvia on its admission to the League of Nations on 22 September 1921.[3][4][5] Alksne was succeeded as Consul by J. Rosing in April 1923, who later resigned his appointment in October 1923, with Alksne resuming office as Consular Agent.[6][7][8]

In August 1928, the Latvian Government appointed the Consul-General in London, Charles Louis Seya, to have responsibility for relations with Australia while resident in London.[9][10] Seya was succeeded by Kārlis Reinholds Zariņš in October 1934.[11] Latvian honorary consulates were also opened in Adelaide and Brisbane, with the appointment of Charles Seymour Toms in October 1928, and Frederick William Sabine in March 1929, respectively.[12][13] In July 1931, Robert Galbraith McComas was appointed Honorary Consul of Latvia in Melbourne.[14] In September 1931, Norman McLeod was appointed Honorary Consul for Latvia in Sydney.[15] In July 1936 McLeod became the first Australian to be awarded the rank of Commander of the Order of the Three Stars by the President of Latvia, Kārlis Ulmanis.[16] In May 1937, Sabine was succeeded by Reginald Temple Stephens as the Latvian consul in Brisbane, holding office until his death in 1952.[17][18]

Relations during the Soviet occupation

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With the Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States in June 1940, the Australian Government of Robert Menzies, like the British Government, did not recognise this action but the Minister for External Affairs, Sir Frederick Stewart, later confirmed in June 1941 that informal discussions had occurred that implied a "readiness on the part of the United Kingdom Government to settle on a practical basis various questions arising out of the Soviet annexation of the Baltic States."[19] However, the resident Latvian consulates in Australia continued to operate under the direction of the Latvian diplomatic service in exile. In 1948, the Soviet Embassy in Canberra made the announcement that "all persons from the Baltic States now resident in Australia would be registered as Soviet citizens", which met the response from the Australian Government of Ben Chifley that Australia did not recognise the Soviet annexation of the Baltic States and any citizens of those states resident in Australia would not be compelled to undertake any action in this regard.[20]

By March 1949, in a Senate debate on the United Nations General Assembly's Third Session, the Minister for Health and Social Services, Senator Nick McKenna, noted the status quo of the situation:[21]

"The Australian Government has not recognized, and does not intend to recognize, the absorption into the Soviet Union of the formerly independent republics of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. The Australian Government believes that these accessions by the Soviet Union cannot be said to have been made as a result of the clearly expressed wish of the people of those countries. I draw the attention of the Senate to the action of the Minister for Immigration (Mr. Calwell) some time ago when a request was made on behalf of Soviet Russia that nationals of those countries should register in Australia as members of the Soviet Republic. The Senate will recall that an announcement was made that they were under no obligation to do that, and that if they cared to do so it would be of their own volition and not as the result of any pressure on the part of this Government or of any obligation the Australian Government felt was cast upon them. However, the absorption of those countries by Soviet Russia is an accomplished fact. I doubt whether this or any other Government could take action that would result in a change being effected in the foreseeable future."

In March 1970 the Minister for External Affairs in the Gorton Government, William McMahon, noted in Parliament: "The legal position is that Australia has never withdrawn recognition from the Governments of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania which were forced into exile by the U.S.S.R.'s invasion and occupation of those States in 1940. Australia has not explicitly extended recognition to any particular Government which may regard itself as a successor to one of those Governments which Australia recognised in 1940."[22] Australia was the only Western country to break ranks and briefly recognise the Soviet annexation of Latvia (and the other Baltic states) as de jure for 17 months between July 1974 to December 1975 by the Whitlam Labor government, while most other countries continued to recognise the independent Latvian diplomatic missions.[23][24] This change of position in variance to the majority of Australia's international allies was characterised as a betrayal by the Latvian community.[25] In explaining the change of position, the Minister for Repatriation and Compensation and prominent critic of Soviet foreign policy, Senator John Wheeldon, noted to the Senate in September 1974:[26]

"What is the situation with regard to Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia which are or were three of the Baltic states? Their incorporation in the Soviet Union is one of the most shameful acts in modern European history. It was something which took place as a result of a disgraceful, shameful and discreditable treaty signed in Moscow in 1939 between Stalin and Ribbentrop, the then nazi Foreign Minister. [...] At the present time one of the most important problems facing the whole of the world's people is to bring about what for some mysterious reason - I have never quite known why - is called détente, a relaxation, an end to the cold war, a certain amount of give and take by the two major sides in the present world conflict. One of the things that has to be done in order to bring that about is to face a number of realities and some of those realities are unpalatable. There has to be some recognition of the fact that whether we like it or not or anyone else likes it or not, or whether it is just or unjust- and I believe it is unjust and I do not like it - Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia have been incorporated into the Soviet Union. To continue to say they are not part of the Soviet Union while the Soviet Government and I daresay a majority of the Soviet people believe that they are is something which lessens opportunities for bringing about peaceful settlements with the Soviet Union, and peaceful settlements with the Soviet Union are essential."

Following the election of the new conservative Coalition government of Malcolm Fraser in November 1975, the new government withdrew de jure recognition of the incorporation of Latvia into the Soviet Union. On 17 December of that year the Australian government instructed the Australian ambassador in Moscow that he and his staff were not to make any official visits to the Latvian SSR. Independent Latvian consular representatives continued to be maintained until the restoration of independence in 1991.[27][28] On 27 August 1991, Prime Minister Bob Hawke, announced Australia's decision to re-establish full diplomatic relations with Latvia.[29] The Australian Ambassador to Denmark, John Burgess, received non-resident accreditation as Australia's first Ambassador to Latvia from 1991.

Relations after 1991

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As part of a significant expansion of Australian Honorary Consulates, acting Foreign Minister Bob McMullan announced the appointment of Latvian-Australian businessman, Valdis Berzins, as Australia's first honorary consul in Riga, Latvia, in October 1995.[30] When the new government of Prime Minister John Howard cut the budget of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade in 1996–97, forcing the closure of the embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark, in May 1997, accreditation for Denmark, Iceland, Latvia, and Lithuania, was transferred to the embassy in Sweden, which remains responsible for Australia's relations with Latvia today.[31][32]

Australian Parliamentary delegations undertook official visits to Latvia on 4-7 September 1994,[33][34] and 24-28 September 2003.[35][36][37] In November 1993, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Latvia, Georgs Andrejevs, visited Australia and signed a treaty on trade and economic cooperation with Australian Foreign Minister, Gareth Evans.[38][39] An extradition treaty between Australia and Latvia was signed in Riga on 14 July 2000 by Australian Ambassador Stephen Brady and Latvian Justice Minister, Ingrīda Labucka.[40][41]

In September 2011, the Australian Prime Minister's Special Envoy, Russell Trood, visited Latvia and signed a social security agreement with the Latvian Minister for Welfare, Ilona Jursevska.[42] In June 2015, the Latvian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Edgars Rinkēvičs undertook an official visit to Australia.[43] Rinkēvičs undertook another official visit to Australia in August 2022, when he officially opened the new Latvian Embassy in Canberra.[44]

Australian ambassadors

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For the non-resident-accredited ambassadors to Latvia since 1997, see Australian Ambassadors to Sweden; and for the ambassadors accredited to Latvia from 1991 to 1997, see Australian Ambassadors to Denmark

Latvian ambassadors

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Name Residency Start of term End of term References
Indulis Bērziņš London, United Kingdom March 2007 November 2013 [45][46]
Andris Teikmanis November 2013 2016 [47]
Dace Treija-Masī Tokyo, Japan 2016 October 2021 [48]
Marģers Krams Canberra, Australia October 2021 present [49]

Migration

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Main article: Latvian Australians

The first Russian ship to anchor in Sydney in 1807 was captained by Ludwig von Hagemeister, a Latvian of the Baltic German nobility who was born in 1780 in Drostenhof (now known as Drusti). Sydney's first Latvian-born resident was a Jewish convict from Riga transported to Sydney in 1829, Aaron Woolf, while seaman Krišsjānis Lūks was the first recorded ethnic Latvian to settle in Sydney in the 1850s, with the majority of early Latvian connections to Australia being connected to maritime trade.[50] The Lettish Association of Sydney was established in the home of Jānis Ieviņš at 30A Argyle Place in Millers Point in 1913, with a membership of 36 by 1915.[50]

The occupation of Latvia from 1940 and the end of the war in Europe in 1945, resulted in a significant influx of refugees from the Baltic states to Australia. Between 1947 and 1952, approximately 19,700 Latvian refugees arrived in Australia as displaced persons under the supervision of the International Refugee Organisation.[51] The first voyage under Arthur Calwell's Displaced Persons immigration program, was that of the General Stuart Heintzelman in 1947.[52] Of the 843 immigrants on the Heintzelman, 264 were Latvian.[53][54]

In 1947 the Australian Latvian Welfare Organisation was established, which was later replaced by the Sydney Latvian Society in 1952. The Sydney Latvian Society acquired land in Parnell Street, Strathfield in 1953 for the establishment of a community centre and hall for the Latvian diaspora in Sydney, with Latvian House officially opened on 18 November 1959.[55]

Australia is host to one of the largest communities of Latvians abroad, with 3,126 people having Latvia as their country of origin, and 23,233 people identified as being of Latvian ancestry, in the 2021 Australian Census.[56]

Economic

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Trade between Australia and Estonia was a modest A$78.2 million in 2019–20. Merchandise trade between Australia and Latvia has been unstable, partly due to a big distance between the countries. Latvia's biggest imports are alcoholic beverages and vehicle parts/accessories, and Australia's are refined petroleum and telecom equipment/parts.[57]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Foreign embassies and consulates in Australia - Latvia". Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  2. ^ Massov, Alexander; Pollard, Marina; Windle, Kevin, eds. (2018). A New Rival State? Australia in Tsarist Diplomatic Communications (PDF). Acton, ACT: ANU Press. p. 119. ISBN 9781760462291. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  3. ^ "CONSUL". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. 69. Australia, Australia. 1 September 1921. p. 1257. Retrieved 4 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  4. ^ "CONSUL". Commonwealth Of Australia Gazette. No. 72. Australia, Australia. 15 September 1921. p. 1315. Retrieved 4 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  5. ^ "Government Gazette Notices". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. No. 137. New South Wales, Australia. 16 September 1921. p. 5380. Retrieved 4 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  6. ^ "Government Gazette Appointments and Employment". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. No. 44. New South Wales, Australia. 13 April 1923. p. 1860. Retrieved 4 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  7. ^ "Government Gazette Notices". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. No. 126. New South Wales, Australia. 19 October 1923. p. 4646. Retrieved 4 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  8. ^ "CONSULAR ADDRESSES". Daily Commercial News and Shipping List. No. 11, 129. New South Wales, Australia. 11 March 1924. p. 5. Retrieved 4 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  9. ^ "CONSULS". Commonwealth Of Australia Gazette. No. 88. Australia, Australia. 23 August 1928. p. 2405. Retrieved 4 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  10. ^ "Government Gazette Notices". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. No. 121. New South Wales, Australia. 7 September 1928. p. 4094. Retrieved 4 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  11. ^ "Government Gazette Appointments and Employment". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. No. 194. New South Wales, Australia. 19 October 1934. p. 3815. Retrieved 4 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  12. ^ "CONSUL". Commonwealth Of Australia Gazette. No. 108. Australia, Australia. 4 October 1928. p. 2776. Retrieved 4 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  13. ^ "CONSULS". Commonwealth Of Australia Gazette. No. 22. Australia, Australia. 7 March 1929. p. 581. Retrieved 4 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  14. ^ "CONSULS". Commonwealth Of Australia Gazette. No. 57. Australia, Australia. 9 July 1931. p. 1138. Retrieved 4 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  15. ^ "CONSULS". Commonwealth Of Australia Gazette. No. 75. Australia, Australia. 10 September 1931. p. 1482. Retrieved 4 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  16. ^ "MEN & WOMEN". The Sun. New South Wales, Australia. 3 July 1936. p. 11. Retrieved 4 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  17. ^ "CONSULS". Commonwealth Of Australia Gazette. No. 24. Australia, Australia. 20 May 1937. p. 837. Retrieved 4 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  18. ^ Pixley, Norman (1974). ""CONSULS IN QUEENSLAND": PART II, 1901-1950" (PDF). University of Queensland. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  19. ^ "Questions In Parliament". Labor Call. Victoria, Australia. 26 June 1941. p. 10. Retrieved 2 May 2020 – via Trove.
  20. ^ "NEWS IN BRIEF". Great Southern Herald. Western Australia. 14 May 1948. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2020 – via Trove.
  21. ^ McKenna, Nicholas (17 March 1949). "Hansard - Parliamentary Debates - The Senate - United Nations General Assembly First Part of Third Annual Session, Paris, September December, 1948". ParlInfo. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  22. ^ McMahon, William (17 March 1970). "Hansard - Parliamentary Debates - House of Representative - ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS UPON NOTICE - Electoral (Question No. 11)". ParlInfo. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  23. ^ Edgars Dunsdorfs, The Baltic dilemma: the case of the de jure recognition by Australia of the incorporation of the Baltic States into the Soviet Union, Speller, 1975, ISBN 0-8315-0148-0
  24. ^ James T. McHugh, James S. Pacy, Diplomats without a country: Baltic diplomacy, international law, and the Cold War, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31878-6, pp135-151
  25. ^ "PM accused of betrayal over Baltic States". The Canberra Times. Vol. 48, no. 13, 825. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 5 August 1974. p. 3. Retrieved 4 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  26. ^ Wheeldon, John (18 September 1974). "Hansard - Parliamentary Debates - The Senate - Censure of the Minister for Foreign Affairs". ParlInfo. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  27. ^ "NO VISITS TO BALTIC STATES". The Canberra Times. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 8 January 1976. p. 1. Retrieved 4 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  28. ^ Antonio Cassese, Self-Determination of Peoples, Cambridge University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-521-63752-X, p259
  29. ^ Bob, Hawke (27 August 1991). "Govt. to establish full diplomatic relations with the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania" (Press release). Australian Government.
  30. ^ McMullan, Bob (26 October 1995). "Appointment of Australian Honorary Consul: Riga, Latvia" (Media Release). Acting Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australian Government. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  31. ^ Crosio, Janice; Downer, Alexander (29 September 1999). "QUESTIONS ON NOTICE - Australian Embassy: Copenhagen". House Hansard. Parliament of Australia.
  32. ^ "Corporate Overview - Overseas Posts". Annual Report 1996/1997 (259). Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade: 21. 1997. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  33. ^ Delegation comprising: Speaker of the House of Representatives, Stephen Martin MP (Leader), Senator Paul Calvert (Deputy), Leo McLeay MP, Clyde Holding MP, Harry Quick MP, Kathy Sullivan MP, Bill Taylor MP, and Senator John Woodley
  34. ^ "Inter-Parliamentary Union - Report of the Australian Delegation to the 92nd Conference Held in Copenhagen, 9-17 September 1994 and Visit to Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, 1-9 September 1994". ParlInfo. Parliament of Australia. 5 December 1994. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  35. ^ Delegation comprising: Senator Grant Chapman (Leader), Con Sciacca MP (Deputy), Senator Jeannie Ferris, and Maria Vamvakinou MP.
  36. ^ "Inter-Parliamentary Union Conference - 109th, Geneva, Switzerland, 30 September to 3 October 2003 and Visit to Latvia, 24 to 28 September 2003 - Report of the Australian Delegation, December 2003". ParlInfo. Parliament of Australia. 1 December 2003. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  37. ^ Chapman, Grant (1 December 2003). "Delegation Reports - Parliamentary Delegation to Latvia and to the 109th Inter-parliamentary Union Assembly". Senate Hansard. Parliament of Australia. p. 18501. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  38. ^ Evans, Gareth (24 November 1993). "Australia and Latvia sign trade and economic agreement" (Media Release). Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australian Government. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  39. ^ "Treaty - Agreement Between Australia and Latvia Concerning Trade and Economic Cooperation, 23 November 1993, together with Explanatory Note". ParlInfo. Parliament of Australia. 23 November 1993. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  40. ^ "Treaty - Between Australian and the Republic of Latvia Concerning Extradition Done at Riga on 14 July 2000". ParlInfo. Parliament of Australia. 15 August 2000. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  41. ^ Vanstone, Amanda (14 July 2000). "Treaty - Between Australian and the Republic of Latvia Concerning Extradition Done at Riga on 14 July 2000" (Media Release). Minister for Justice and Customs, Australian Government. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  42. ^ Macklin, Jenny (7 September 2011). "Social security agreement signed with Latvia" (Media Release). Australian Government. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  43. ^ "Latvia country brief". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  44. ^ "Latvia officially opens embassy in Australia". The Baltic Times. 3 August 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  45. ^ "The Governor-General's Program 9 May 2007". Governor-General of Australia. 9 May 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  46. ^ "Indulis Bērziņš Permanent Representative – Latvia 2015". North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  47. ^ "The Governor-General's Program 9 December 2013". Governor-General of Australia. 9 December 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  48. ^ "The Governor-General's Program 14 December 2017". Governor-General of Australia. 14 December 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  49. ^ "The Ambassador of Latvia to Australia, Marģers Krams, presents his credentials to the Governor-General of Australia" (Media Release). Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Latvia. 13 October 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  50. ^ a b Crawford, Robert (2008). "Latvians". The Dictionary of Sydney. State Library of NSW. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  51. ^ "Origins: Immigrant Communities in Victoria: History of immigration from Latvia". Museum Victoria Australia. Archived from the original on 30 July 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
  52. ^ "First of the Fifth Fleet". Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  53. ^ "Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild: USAT General Stuart Heintzelman". Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  54. ^ "Latvians in Australia & New Zealand". Latvian Federation in Australia and New Zealand. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  55. ^ "About us". Sydney Latvian Society. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  56. ^ "Cultural diversity: Census". 2021 Census. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 28 June 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  57. ^ "Latvia Country/Economy Fact Sheet" (PDF). Latvia - Economic and trade information. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
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