The Avoyel or Avoyelles were a small Native American tribe who at the time of European contact inhabited land near the mouth of the Red River at its confluence with the Atchafalaya River near present-day Marksville, Louisiana. The Avoyel are a member of the federally recognized Native American tribe and sovereign nation of the Tunica Biloxi Tribe of Louisiana.[2]
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| extinct as a tribe, merged into Tunica-Biloxi[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Louisiana | |
| Languages | |
| Avoyel language, Mobilian trade jargon | |
| Religion | |
| Indigenous religion |
The U.S. Department of the Interior determined that: "The contemporary Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe is the successor of the historical Tunica, Ofo, and Avoyel tribes, and part of the Biloxi tribe. These have a documented existence back to 1698. The component tribes were allied in the 18th century and became amalgamated into one in the 19th century through common interests and outside pressures from non-Indian cultures."[1]
Name
editAlso called variously Shi'xkaltī'ni (Stone-Arrow-Point people)[citation needed] in Tunican and Tassenocogoula, Tassenogoula, Toux Enongogoula, and Tasånåk Okla in the Mobilian trade language; all names (including the autonym Avoyel) are said by early French chroniclers to mean either "Flint People" or "People of the Rocks". This is thought to either reflect their active trading of flint for tools from local sources on their land in the eponymously named modern Avoyelles Parish or more likely as their status as middlemen in trading flint from Caddoan peoples to their north to the stone deficit Atakapa and Chitimacha peoples of the Gulf Coast.[3][4]
French explorer Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville misleadingly called the Avoyel petits Taensas in 1699.[5] However, they are a different group than the Natchez language–speaking Taensa, whom the French called the grand Taensas.[6]
Language
edit| Avoyel | |
|---|---|
| (unattested) | |
| Region | Louisiana |
| Ethnicity | Avoyel |
| Extinct | (date missing) |
unclassified (Natchez?) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
076 | |
| Glottolog | None |
The Avoyel language may have[7] been related to the Natchez language.[8]
Described by some historians as being a Caddoan group,[9] and by others as a Natchez-speaking group of Mary Haas' Gulf hypothesis[3][10] along with the Natchez and Taensa; their true linguistic and ethnic affiliation is somewhat uncertain because no written or spoken version of their language has survived.[citation needed]
History
edit17th century
editAt the time of European contact, the Avoyel lived in several villages on the Red River in locations near present-day Alexandria and a palisaded village near Marksville. They controlled the river to its confluence with the lower Black River, Upper Atchafalaya River and the Mississippi.[10]
Never numerous, the Avoyel numbered 280 in 1698, according to French records. Their population declined markedly after that. The Avoyel likely experienced the same drastic decimation as Native American tribes, primarily due to newly introduced European infectious diseases to which they had no acquired immunity.
18th century
editThe Avoyel survivors were believed to have been absorbed by marriage into the neighboring Tunica, Ofo, and Biloxi peoples who had moved to the area sometime in the late 1780s or 1790s because of encroachment by Euro-Americans at their previous locations.[9][11][12][13]
19th century
editIndian Agent John Sibley wrote in 1805 that the only surviving Avoyel were two or three women living along the Washita River.[5]
Descendants
editSince the 19th century, descendants of the Avoyel people have been part of the Tunica-Biloxi.[1]
Notes
edit- ^ a b c "General Conclusions" (PDF). Recommendation and summary evidence for proposed finding for Federal acknowledgment of the Tunica-Biloxi Tribe of Louisiana pursuant to 25 CFR 54. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. December 4, 1980. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
- ^ "About the Tunica-Biloxi Tribe". Southern University Law Center. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
- ^ a b Swanton, John R. (1911). Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Adjacent Coast of the Gulf of Mexico. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 272–74. ISBN 978-1332017836.
- ^ David G. Anderson; Steven D. Smith, eds. (2003). Archaeology, History, and Predictive Modeling: Research at Fort Polk, 1972-2002. University of Alabama Press. p. 396. ISBN 978-0817312718.
- ^ a b Swanton, Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley, p. 17
- ^ Hodge, Frederick Webb (1910). Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico N-Z. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology. pp. 668–69.
- ^ Kaufman, David V. (2014-05-30). The Lower Mississippi Valley as a Language Area (PDF) (PhD). University of Kansas. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
- ^ Kniffen, Fred B.; Gregory, Hiram F.; Stokes, George A. (1994). Historic Indian Tribes of Louisiana: From 1542 to the Present. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-8071-1963-1. OCLC 913650946.
- ^ a b Hodge, Frederick Webb (1911). Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, Part 1. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology. p. 118. ASIN B009QMIT10.
- ^ a b Kniffen, Fred B.; Gregory, Hiram F.; Stokes, George A. (1994). The Historic Indian Tribes of Louisiana: From 1542 to the Present Louisiana. LSU Press. pp. 48–49. ISBN 9780807119631.
- ^ "Tunica Tribe: 1680-Present". KnowLouisiana. Retrieved 2018-01-23.
- ^ "On the Tunica Trail: Marksville". Louisiana Archaeological Survey and Antiquities Commission. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2018-01-23.
- ^ "Tunica Language Project: A collaboration of the Tunica-Biloxi Tribe of Louisiana and Tulane University". Tulane University. 6 November 2014. Retrieved 2018-01-23.
References
edit- Swanton, John R. (1911). Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Adjacent Coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.