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Akseli Gallen-Kallela

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Akseli Gallen-Kallela (26 April 1865 – 7 March 1931) was a Finnish painter who is best known for his illustrations of the Kalevala, the Finnish national epic. His work is considered a very important aspect of the Finnish national identity. He finnicized his name from Gallén to Gallen-Kallela in 1907.[1]

Akseli Gallen-Kallela
Born
Axel Waldemar Gallén

(1865-04-26)26 April 1865
Pori, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire
Died7 March 1931(1931-03-07) (aged 65)
Stockholm, Sweden
Known forPainting
MovementRomantic nationalism, Realism, Symbolism

Life and career

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Early life

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Gallen-Kallela was born Axel Waldemar Gallén in Pori, Finland, in a Swedish-speaking family. His father Peter Gallén worked as police chief and lawyer.[2] Gallen-Kallela was raised in Tyrvää.[3] At the age of 11 he was sent to Helsinki to study at a grammar school, because his father opposed his ambition to become a painter. After his father's death in 1879, Gallen-Kallela attended drawing classes at the Finnish Art Society (1881–1884) and studied privately under Adolf von Becker.[1]

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    Moonlit Landscape, 1881, his first oil painting
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    Boy and a Crow, 1884 (fi)
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    Decaying Sander, 1884 (fi)

Paris

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Self-Portrait at the Easel, 1885

In 1884 he moved to Paris, to study at the Académie Julian.[4] In Paris he became friends with the Finnish painter Albert Edelfelt, the Norwegian painter Carl Dørnberger, and the Swedish writer August Strindberg.[1] During this period he traveled back and forth between Finland and Paris.[1]

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    Life and Death, 1884
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    Parisian Backyard, 1884 (fi)
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    Old Woman with a Cat, 1885 (fi)
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    Boulevard in Paris, 1885 (fi)
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    In a Café in Paris, 1886
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    Woman Cooking Whitefish, 1886
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    Rustic Life, 1887 (fi)
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    The First Lesson, 1887–1889
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    Démasquée, 1888 (fi)
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    In the Sauna, 1889 (fi)
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    Wound Fever, 1889 (fi)
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    Girl in the Old Church of Keuruu, 1889 (fi)
    [note 1]

Mary Slöör

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Problem (Symposium) depicting Gallen-Kallela himself, Oskar Merikanto, Robert Kajanus and Jean Sibelius, 1894 (fi)
 
Self-Portrait in Fresco, 1894

He married Mary Slöör in 1890. The couple had three children: Impi Marjatta, Kirsti and Jorma. On their honeymoon to East Karelia, Gallen-Kallela started collecting material for his depictions of the Kalevala. His works during this period is characterized by romantic paintings of the Kalevala, such as the Aino Myth, and by several landscape paintings, although by 1894 the influence of symbolism is heavily visible in his works.[1]

Berlin and tragedy

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Self-Portrait ’en face’, 1897

In December 1894, Gallen-Kallela moved to Berlin to oversee the joint exhibition of his works with the works of Norwegian painter Edvard Munch. At the time Gallen-Kallela also designed a grand cabin called Kalela for his family far from everything on the shore of Lake Ruovesi. It was built from dead standing pine by 13 local carpenters in a year from 1894 to 1895.[12][13]

In March 1895, his trip was ended when he received a telegram that his daughter Impi Marjatta had died from diphtheria, which would prove to be a turning point in his work. Hs works had been romantic, but after his daughter's death, Gallen-Kallela's works became more aggressive. From 1896 to 1899, he painted what are considered his most famous works: The Defense of the Sampo, Lemminkäinen's Mother, Joukahainen's Revenge and Kullervo's Curse.[1] In May 1895, Gallen and Mary visited London, with his intent being the purchase of a graphic art press. There, he also learned about stained glass. At the end of 1897 the family took a trip to Florence, also visiting Pompeii, where he studied the art of frescoes.[1]

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    Portrait of Edvard Munch, 1895
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    Kalela on a Winter Night, 1896
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    The Artist's Mother, 1896
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    The Defense of the Sampo, 1896 (fi)
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    Lemminkäinen's Mother, 1897
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    Joukahainen's Revenge, 1897 (fi)
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    The Fratricide, 1897, from Kanteletar
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    Mary Sewing on the Veranda of Kalela, 1897
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    Kullervo's Curse, 1899 (fi)
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    February Vision, 1899

Paris 1900 Exposition

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For the Paris World Fair in 1900, Gallen-Kallela painted frescoes for the Finnish Pavilion.[1] In the fresco Ilmarinen Plowing the Field of Vipers there was a hidden political message: one of the vipers is wearing a small Romanov crown,[14] telling of Gallen-Kallela's wish for an independent Finland at the time of the Russification of Finland.

The Paris Exposition secured Gallen-Kallela's stature as the leading Finnish artist.[15] In 1901 he was commissioned to paint the fresco, Kullervo Sets Off for War, for the concert hall of the Helsinki Student's Union.[15] Between 1901 and 1903 he painted the frescoes for the Jusélius Mausoleum in Pori, memorializing the 11-year-old daughter of the industrialist Fritz Arthur Jusélius. (The frescoes however were soon damaged by dampness, and were completely destroyed by fire in December 1931. Jusélius assigned the artist's son Jorma to repaint them from the original sketches.[16] The reconstruction was completed just before Jorma's death in 1939.)[1]

Gallen-Kallela officially finnicized his name to Akseli Gallen-Kallela in 1907.[1] His idea for a 700-page Great Kalevala [fi] was fully formed in 1909 with a publication of his plan in the Valvoja magazine.[17]

Kenya

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Akseli Gallen-Kallela After Returning From Africa by Sigurd Wettenhovi-Aspa in 1911
 
Self-Portrait for the Uffizi Gallery, 1916

In 1908 with renewal in mind, Gallen-Kallela and his family moved to Paris. However the city and the new direction art was being taken didn't feel as hospitable as he had hoped, and so in May 1909 they moved much further away to Nairobi in Kenya. He was the first Finnish artist to paint south of the Sahara, and he totalled over 150 expressionistic works. Although artistically the paintings are of fluctuating quality, their colors and the synergy of the colors are remarkable. They returned to Finland in February 1911.[1] Between 1911 and 1913 he designed and built a studio and house for his family at Tarvaspää, approximately 10 km northwest of the centre of Helsinki.[19]

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    The Oceanides, 1909
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    Café in Paris, 1909
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    Skeleton of a Camel, 1909
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    Untitled, 1909
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    Kikuyu Woman, 1909
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    Portrait of Kenosua, 1909–1910
    [note 5]
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    Rhinoceros and Euphorbia Trees, 1909–1910
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    Hippos in the Tana River, 1910
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    Homo Victor (Victorious Man), 1910
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    Coral Tree in Blossom, 1910

Finnish Civil War

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Gallen-Kallela in his lieutenant uniform during the civil war, 1918
 
Portrait of A. Gallen-Kallela, Ilya Repin, 1920

The family moved back from Tarvaspää to Kalela in 1915 to escape the turmoil of the First World War. A few years later in 1918, Gallen-Kallela and his son Jorma took part in the fighting at the front of the Finnish Civil War. When the regent, General Mannerheim, heard about that, he invited Gallen-Kallela to design the flags, official decorations and uniforms for the newlyindependent Finland. For the flag, Gallen-Kallela proposed a white-blue cross flag, with colors inverted (white cross on blue), but it was considered too similar to the Swedish flag and particularly the era's Greek flag. In 1919, he was appointed aide-de-camp to Mannerheim.[1] In 1920, he made an agreement with the publishing company WSOY for the eventual publication of Great Kalevala, with the less decorative Koru-Kalevala being published first in 1922.[17]

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    Kalela in Autumn, 1915
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    The Lovers, 1906–1917
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    Portrait of Mary, 1917
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    Kirsti Playing the Cello, 1917
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    Regretful Kullervo, 1918
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    Lemminkäinen by the River of Fire, 1920

Taos, New Mexico, later life, and death

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Gallen-Kallela in the National Museum of Finland in front of his fresco version of The Defense of the Sampo, 1928

In December 1923, he moved to the United States, where his family followed him in autumn 1924. He first spent time in Chicago, and an exhibition of his work toured several cities.[21] In Chicago, he was impressed by Native American art and moved to Taos, New Mexico, at the art colony there to study it further. During his time in the United States, he began sketching out the Great Kalevala in much more detail. In May 1926, the family returned to Finland. In 1928m together with his son Jormam he painted the Kalevala frescoes at the lobby of the National Museum of Finland. Then in 1930 he made an agreement to paint a gigantic fresco for the bank Kansallis-Osake-Pankki, but on 7 March 1931, while returning from a lecture in Copenhagen, he suddenly died of pneumonia in Stockholm.[1]

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    Indian Chief Clear Water, 1924
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    The Indian Sia Ohutaa, 1925
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    Our Home in Taos, 1925
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    Taos Home in Sunlight, 1925
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    Indian on Horseback in Snow, 1925
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    Taos, 1925
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    Crack Willow and Blue Bird in New Mexico, 1925
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    The Great Pike, 1928 fresco based on an earlier a 1904 painting
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    Portrait of Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, 1929
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    Page depicting the birth of Väinämöinen from the unfinished Great Kalevala [fi], 1920–1930

Legacy

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His studio and house at Tarvaspää was opened as the Gallen-Kallela Museum in 1961 and houss some of his works and research facilities on him.[22][23]

 
Gallen-Kallela Museum in Tarvaspää

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The girl who modeled for the painting was a future parliament member, Maria Raunio.[5]
  2. ^ The frames were painted by Elin Danielson-Gambogi.[7]
  3. ^ Gallen-Kallela was inspired by Sibelius' tone poem En saga (A Fairy Tale). On the right is Sibelius himself, at top left is the visuals it brought to Gallen-Kallela's mind and the empty section at bottom left was supposed to have notes from the tone poem, but Sibelius didn't wish to add them.[10][11]
  4. ^ There is also a Jusélius Mausoleum fresco called Spring from 1903.
  5. ^ He was an aide and a friend to the Gallen-Kallela family and always escorted the family's children to school.[20]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Reitala 1997.
  2. ^ Martin & Pusa 1985, p. 5.
  3. ^ Musée d'Orsay 2012.
  4. ^ Martin & Pusa 1985, p. 65.
  5. ^ Pohjolainen 2016.
  6. ^ Hämäläinen 2018.
  7. ^ Okkonen 1916, pp. 248–261.
  8. ^ Sipilä 2019.
  9. ^ Leppänen 2020.
  10. ^ Ainola.
  11. ^ von Donsdorff 2017.
  12. ^ Ruovesi.
  13. ^ Yle 2010.
  14. ^ Saressalo 2018.
  15. ^ a b Martin & Pusa 1985, p. 12.
  16. ^ Martin & Pusa 1985, p. 37.
  17. ^ a b Mikkonen 2017.
  18. ^ Aksa 2018.
  19. ^ Martin & Pusa 1985, p. 38.
  20. ^ Kulttuurikurkkaus 2019.
  21. ^ Martin & Pusa 1985, p. 39.
  22. ^ Gallen-Kallela Museum 2015.
  23. ^ Ringbom 1996.

Sources

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Books

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  • Jackson, D.; Wageman, P., eds. (2006). Akseli Gallen-Kallela, De magie van Finland [Akseli Gallen-Kallela, The Magic of Finland] (softcover) (in Dutch). Rotterdam: NAi Booksellers / Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-5662-523-8.
  • Martin, Timo; Pusa, Erja (1985). Akseli Gallen-Kallela, 1865-1931 (hardcover). Translated by John Derome. Tarvaspää: Gallen-Kallela Museum. OCLC 29071282.
  • Okkonen, Onni (1916). "Trip to Kuusamo". Akseli Gallen-Kallela, elämä ja taide [Akseli Gallen-Kallela, life and art] (in Finnish). Porvoo-Helsinki: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö (WSOY).
  • Pohjolainen, Raija (2016). Tyttö Keuruun vanhassa kirkossa [A girl in the old church in Keuruu] (in Finnish). Vantaa: Kellastupa. ISBN 978-95-2578-723-8.

Websites

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  Media related to Akseli Gallen-Kallela at Wikimedia Commons

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