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Ein Karem

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Ein Karem (Hebrew: עֵין כֶּרֶם, ʿEin Kerem lit. "Spring of the Vineyard"; in Arabic ʿAyn Kārim;[2] also Ain Karem, Ein Kerem) is a historic mountain village southwest of Jerusalem, presently a neighborhood in the outskirts of the modern city, within the Jerusalem District. It is the site of the Hadassah Medical Center.

Ein Karem
Hebrew: עין כרם
Arabic: عين كارم
Neighborhood of Jerusalem
View of Ein Karem
View of Ein Karem
Map
Coordinates: 31°46′5″N 35°9′44″E / 31.76806°N 35.16222°E / 31.76806; 35.16222
Country Israel
DistrictJerusalem District
CityJerusalem
FoundedMiddle Bronze Age
Population
 (2017)[1]
 • Total1,620

Ein Karem was an important Jewish village during the late Second Temple period,[3][4] during which it became important to Christianity. Christian tradition holds that John the Baptist was born in Ein Karem, following the biblical verse in Luke saying John's family lived in a "town in the hill country of Judea". Probably because of its location between Bethlehem and Jerusalem, this location was a very comfortable one for a pilgrimage, and this led to the establishment of many churches and monasteries in the area.

During the years of Ottoman and later British rule in Palestine, Ein Karem was a Palestinian Arab village. It was depopulated of its residents during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.[5][6] After the war it became once again a Jewish settlement.[7] Today, Ein Karem is a vibrant bohemian neighborhood of Jerusalem, with a population of 2,000 (2010).[8] It has retained a very high-level of authenticity, its natural environment remains intact, and its old houses are still inhabited and preserved.[4] It attracts three million visitors a year, one-third of them pilgrims from around the world.[8] Alongside its religious landmarks, Ein Karem is also known for its fine art, culinary, and musical scenes.[9]

Etymology

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The name Ein Karem or Ein Kerem can be literally translated from both Hebrew and Arabic as "Spring of the Vineyard". It is derived from the springs and vineyards established on the village's terraced slopes.[10] Another possible translation would be "Spring of Carem", if derived from an ancient Iron Age Israelite city called Carem, mentioned as a city in the dominion of the tribe of Judah in the Septuagint version of Book of Joshua.[11] In Arabic, other than meaning "Spring of the Vineyard", it could be understood as well as "the Generous Spring".[12]

History

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A spring that provides water to the village of Ein Karem stimulated settlement there from an early time.[13]

Bronze Age

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Pottery has been found near the spring dating to the Middle Bronze Age.[13]

Iron Age/Israelite period

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During the Iron Age, or Israelite period, Ein Karem is usually identified as the location of the biblical village of Beth HaKerem (Jeremiah 6:1; Nehemiah 3:14).[14]

Second Temple period

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A well-preserved mikveh (Jewish ritual bath) indicates there was a Jewish settlement in the Second Temple period along with some other discoveries such as handful of graves, bits of a wall, and an olive press.[3][15] A reservoir here was mentioned in the Copper Scroll, one of the Dead Sea Scrolls.[16][17]

Roman and Byzantine periods

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During excavations in the Church of Saint John the Baptist, a marble statue of Aphrodite (or Venus) was found, broken in two. It is believed to date from the Roman era and was probably toppled in Byzantine times. Today, the statue is at the Rockefeller Museum.[18] Excavations in front of the same church, which has at its core the cave which Christian tradition identifies as the birthplace of John the Baptist, have unearthed remains of two Byzantine chapels, one containing an inscription mentioning Christian "martyrs", but without any mention of John.[citation needed] Ceramics from the Byzantine period have also been found in Ein Karem.[19]

In the Byzantine period, as part of the establishment of the “Liturgy of Jerusalem", Ein Karem was identified with the "Visitation", an event mentioned in the New Testament where Mary, expecting Jesus, encountered her cousin Elizabeth, who was pregnant with John the Baptist.[10] Byzantine sources link Ein Karem with the residence of Elizabeth, the mother of John the Baptist, a place not specified in the New Testament.[10] In around 530 CE, the Christian pilgrim Theodosius places Elizabeth's town at a distance of five miles (8.0 km) from Jerusalem,[20] which suits Ein Karem.[citation needed]

Early Islamic period

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Ein Karem was recorded after the Islamic conquest. Al-Tamimi, the physician (d. 990), refers to a church in Ein Karem that was venerated by Christians, and notes a particular plant he collected there.[21]

Crusader period

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It is mentioned under the name St. Jehan de Bois, "Saint John in the Mountains",[2] during the Crusades. The Crusaders were the first to build here a church dedicated to St John, rebuilt in the 17th century by the Franciscans and still active today, and Moshe Sharon considers it as "almost sure" that the Crusaders are the ones who started the tradition of identifying that particular site as St John's birthplace.[22]

Ayyubid and Mamluk periods

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After conquering Jerusalem in 1187, Saladin granted the village of Ein Karem to Abu Maydan, a renowned Sufi teacher from Seville, Andalusia. Abu Madyan had fought in the 1187 Battle of Hattin against the Crusaders before returning to the Maghreb, where he eventually died in Tlemcen, in what is today Algeria. A document, drafted in Jerusalem in 1320 (720 AH) by Abu Maydan's great-grandson, outlines the waqf's holdings, beginning with Ein Karem:[10]

"A village known by the name of Ein Karem, one of the villages adjacent to Jerusalem. This village includes farmed and fallow lands, both cultivated and abandoned, slopes and plains, unproductive bare rock, buildings in ruins, farmhouses, buildings in good repair with their surrounding fields, a little garden, pomegranate trees and other kinds irrigated with water from springs on the property, olive trees of a “rumi” or western variety, carob trees, fig trees, sessile oaks, qiqebs (hardwoods). This village is bounded on all sides: to the south by the great Maliha (salt pan); to the north by properties belonging to Ein-Kaout, Qalunya, Harash, Sataf, and Zawiya el-Bakhtyari; to the west by Ein Esheshqqaq, and to the east by properties belonging to the Maliha and to Beit Mazmil. This village is established as a waqf, with all attendant rights, appurtenances, fields, cultivated lands, threshing floors, loamy earth, with freshwater springs on location, prairies, planted trees, disused wells, vineyards, in a word, with all rights relating thereto, both within and without. However, the mosque, house of God, the path and the cemetery intended for use by Muslims, are not included in the present waqf."[10]

The Waqf Abu Maydan endowment, which included the Mughrabi Quarter in Jerusalem, has been supported by agricultural and property revenues from the village of Ein Karem until the 1948 war.[10]

A coin from the reign of As-Salih Hajji (1389 CE) was found here, together with pottery, glassware and other coins from the Mamluk era.[23]

Ottoman period

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Ain Karim in 1681 by Cornelis de Bruijn
 
Ain Karim area in the 1870s

Most of the village – some 15,000 dunams – was waqf land set aside charitably to benefit the Moroccan Muslim community in Jerusalem, belonging to the endowment established by Abu Madyan in the 14th century.[24]

In 1517, the village was included in the Ottoman empire with the rest of Palestine and in the 1596 tax-records it appeared as 'Ain Karim, located in the Nahiya of Jabal Quds of the Liwa of Al-Quds. The village had at this time 29 households, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33.3% on agricultural products, which included wheat, barley, summer crops, vineyards, grape syrup/molasse, goats and beehives in addition to "occasional revenues"; a total of 5,300 akçe. All of the revenue went to a waqf.[25][26]

In the course 17th century, the Franciscans manage to recover the ruins of the church raised by the Crusaders over the traditional birth cave of St. John and, in spite of local Muslim opposition, to rebuild and fortify it as the Monastery of St. John in the Mountains.

Israeli geographer Yehoshua Ben-Arieh described Ein Karem as "the most important village west of Jerusalem" in the 19th century.[10]

James Silk Buckingham visited in the early 1800s, and found he was "more pleased with this village [...] than with any other place I had yet visited in Palestine."[27]

In 1838, Ain Karim was noted as a Muslim and Latin Christian village in the Beni Hasan district.[28][29]

In 1863 Victor Guérin noted a thousand inhabitants "of whom there are barely two hundred and fifty who are Catholics; the others are Muslim."[30] The ancestors of the latter were held to descend from Maghrabins, that is to say, originating from the Maghreb (North Africa).[31] Guérin describes them as rowdy and fanatical, until a few years before his visit having very often attacked the Catholic monks at the Monastery of St John in order to extort from them food and money, a habit that had subsided only lately.[31][2]

An official Ottoman village list from about 1870 showed that Ain Karim had 178 houses and a population of 533, though the population count included only men. The population consisted of 412 Muslims in 138 houses, 66 Latin Christians in 18 houses, and 55 Greek Christians in 12 houses.[32][33]

In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Ain Karim as: "A flourishing village of about 600 inhabitants, 100 being Latin Christians. It stands on a sort of natural terrace projecting from the higher hills on the east of it, with a broad flat valley below on the west. On the south below the village is a fine spring ('Ain Sitti Miriam), with a vaulted place for prayer over it. The water issues from a spout into a trough."[34]

In 1896 the population of 'Ain Karim was estimated to be about 1,290 persons.[35]

British Mandate period

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Ein Karim and the surrounding area in the 1944 Survey of Palestine
'Ayn Karim
Village
 
Palestine grid165/130
Date of depopulation10 and 21 April 1948, 16 July 1948[36]
Area
[37]
 • Total15,029 dunams (15.029 km2 or 5.803 sq mi)
Elevation
[38]
650 m (2,130 ft)
Population
 (1948[39])
 • Total3,689
Cause(s) of depopulationInfluence of nearby town's fall
Secondary causeArab–Israeli War
Current LocalitiesEin Karem[40] Beit Zayit,[41] Even Sapir[41]

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, the population of 'Ain Karim was 1,735; consisting of 1,282 Muslims and 453 Christians,[42] increasing in the 1931 census to 2,637, in 555 houses.[43]

During the 1929 riots in Palestine, Arab residents of 'Ain Karim launched raids against the nearby Jewish neighborhood of Bayit VeGan.[44]

In the 1945 statistics, Ein Karim had a population of 3,180; 2,510 Muslims and 670 Christians,[45] The total land area was 15,029 dunams,[37] of this, a total of 7,960 dunums of land were irrigated or used for plantations, 1,199 were used for cereals;[46] while a total of 1,704 dunams were classified as built-up (urban) areas.[47]

The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine placed 'Ayn Karim in the Jerusalem enclave intended for international control.[48]

1948 Arab–Israeli War

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Ein Karem, 1948
 
Ein Karem, 1954

When the 1947–1949 Palestine war started, 'Ain Karim became a major base of operations against nearby Jewish neighborhoods.[49] In February 1948, the village's 300 guerilla fighters were reinforced by a well-armed Arab Liberation Army force of mainly Syrian fighters, and on March 10 a substantial Iraqi detachment arrived in the village. This was followed within days by some 160 Egyptian fighters. On March 19, the villagers joined their foreign guests in attacking a Jewish convoy on the Tel Aviv–Jerusalem road.[50] Immediately after the April 1948 massacre at the nearby village of Deir Yassin (1.2 miles (2 km) to the north), most of the women and children in the village were evacuated.[51]

The village was finally captured by Israeli forces during the ten-day campaign of July 1948. The remaining residents fled on July 10–11. The Arab Liberation Army forces which had camped in the village left on July 14–16 after Jewish forces captured two dominating hilltops, Khirbet Beit Mazmil and Khirbet al-Hamama, and shelled the village. During its last days, 'Ayn Karim suffered from severe food shortages.[51]

State of Israel

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Ein Karem, 2024

After the war ended, Israel incorporated the village into the municipal boundaries of Jerusalem.[51] Ein Karem was one of the few depopulated Arab localities which survived the war with most of the buildings intact. The abandoned homes were resettled with new migrants, many of whom Mizrahi Jews who fled from the Arab countries who fought the Arab-Israeli War during the war and after it, i.e. Jews from Iraq and Egypt but also from Yemen.[citation needed] Over the years, the bucolic atmosphere attracted a population of artisans and craftsmen. Today it is a vibrant bohemian neighborhood of Jerusalem, attracting many artist, young people and tourists.[citation needed]

In 1961, Hadassah built its medical center on a nearby hilltop, including the Hadassah Medical Center and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem schools of medicine, dentistry, nursing, and pharmacology.[52]

Biblical connections

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Old Testament

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Main article: Carem

Only the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible, the base for the Christian Old Testament, names a place in the hills of Judah as "Carem" (Joshua 15:30).[2][53]

New Testament

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According to the New Testament, Mary went "into the hill country, to a city of Judah" (Luke 1:39) when she visited her cousin Elizabeth, the wife of Zechariah.

During the Byzantine period, Theodosius (530 CE) gives the distance between Jerusalem and the town of Elizabeth as five miles (8.0 km).[20]

The Jerusalem Calendar (Kalendarium Hyerosolimitanum) or the Georgian Festival Calendar, dated by some before 638, the year of the Muslim conquest, mentions the village by name, "Enqarim," as the place of a festival in memory of Elizabeth celebrated on the twenty-eighth of August.[54]

The English writer Saewulf, on pilgrimage to Palestine in 1102–1103, wrote of a monastery in the area of Ein Karim dedicated to St. Sabas, where 300 monks had been "slain by Saracens", but without mentioning any tradition connected to St. John.[22]

Landmarks

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Church of the Visitation

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Main article: Church of the Visitation
 
Church of the Visitation

The Church of the Visitation, or Abbey Church of St John in the Woods, is located across the village to the southwest from St. John's. The ancient sanctuary there was built against a rock declivity. It is venerated as the pietra del nascondimento, the "stone in which John was concealed," in reference to the Protevangelium of James. The site is also attributed to John the Baptist's parental summer house, where Mary visited them. The modern church was built in 1955, also on top of ancient church remnants. It was designed by Antonio Barluzzi, an Italian architect, who designed many other churches in the Holy Land during the 20th century.[55]

Monastery of St. John in the Mountains

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Main article: Church of Saint John the Baptist, Ein Karem, Jerusalem
 
Monastery of St. John in the Mountains

The Catholic Monastery of St. John ba-Harim (St. John "in the Mountains"[56] in Hebrew) is centered on a church containing the cave identified by tradition as the birthplace of Saint John the Baptist. The church is built over the remnants of a Crusader church and its porch stands over the remains of two Byzantine chapels, both containing mosaic floors. The current structure received its outlook as the result of the latest large architectural intervention, finished in 1939 under the guidance of the Italian architect, Antonio Barluzzi.[57]

In 1941–1942 the Franciscans excavated the area west of the church and monastery. The southernmost of the rock-cut chambers they found can probably be dated to the first century CE.[58][59] Some remnants below the southern part of the porch suggests the presence of a mikve (Jewish ritual bath) that is dated to the Second Temple Period.

The church is mentioned in the Book of the Demonstration, attributed to Eutychius of Alexandria (940): "The church of Bayt Zakariya in the district of Aelia bears witness to the visit of Mary to her kinswoman Elizabeth."[60]

The site of the Crusader church built above the traditional birth cave of St John, destroyed after the departure of the Crusaders, was purchased by Franciscan custos, Father Thomas of Novara in 1621.[61][22] After a decades-long struggle with the Muslim inhabitants, the Franciscans finally managed to rebuild and fortify their church and monastery by the 1690s.[62][63]

Convent of the Sisters of Zion

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Convent of the Sisters of Zion
 
Marie-Alphonse Ratisbonne's tomb, Ein Kerem

The monastery of Les Sœurs de Notre-Dame de Sion (Sisters of Our Lady of Zion), built in 1860,[2] was founded by two brothers from France, Marie-Théodore Ratisbonne and Marie-Alphonse Ratisbonne, who were born Jewish and converted to Christianity.[64] They established an orphanage here. Alphonse himself lived in the monastery and is buried in its garden.

Gorny or "Moscobia" Convent

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Gorny or "Moscobia" Convent

The convent was established by the Jerusalem mission of the Russian Orthodox Church in 1871[22] (see also Russian Wikipedia page here). The name "Gorny Convent" refers to the visit of the Virgin Mary to her cousin St. Elizabeth "into the hill country, to a town in Judah,"[65] gorny meaning mountainous in Russian. It was nicknamed "Muskobiya" (Arabic for Muscovite) by the local Arab villagers, which mutated in Hebrew to "Moskovia." Apart from the structures serving the nunnery and a pilgrims hostel, it now contains three churches, enclosed within a compound wall. The Church of Our Lady of Kazan (Kazanskaya) is dedicated to the holy icon of Our Lady of Kazan and is the oldest among the three churches, being consecrated in 1873. The Cathedral of All Russian Saints, with its gilded domes, was started before the Russian Revolution and could only be completed in 2007. The cave church of St. John the Baptist was consecrated in 1987.[citation needed]

Mary's Spring

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Traditional site of Mary's Spring, with the mosque from 1828/29

According to a Christian tradition which started in the 14th century, the Virgin Mary drank water from this village spring, and here is also the place where Mary and Elizabeth met. Therefore, since the 14th century the spring is known as the Fountain of the Virgin. The spring waters are considered holy by some Catholic and Orthodox Christian pilgrims who visit the site and fill their bottles. What looks like a spring is actually the end of an ancient aqueduct. The former Arab inhabitants built a mosque and school on the site, of which a Maqam (shrine) and minaret still remain. An inscribed panel to the courtyard of the mosque dates it to 1828–1829 CE (AH 1244).[66] The spring was repaired and renovated by Baron Edmond de Rothschild.[67]

St. Vincent

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St. Vincent-Ein Kerem is a home for physically or mentally handicapped children. Founded in 1954, St. Vincent-Ein Kerem is a non-profit enterprise under leadership of the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul.[68]

Other churches and religious institutions

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Catholic

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  • The Convent of the Franciscan Sisters[22]
  • The Convent of the Rosary Sisters, built in 1910[22]
  • Casa Nova, a guesthouse for pilgrims reopened in 2014[56]

Greek Orthodox

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  • The Greek Orthodox Church of St John,[56] built in 1894 on the remnants of an ancient church[citation needed]
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Monastery of St. John in the Wilderness

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Monastery of Saint John in the Wilderness

The Monastery of St. John in the Wilderness, containing a cave associated with the saint, is located close to Ein Karem and Moshav Even Sapir.

Notable residents

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See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ein Kerem.

References

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  1. ^ "Table III/14 – Population of Jerusalem, by Age, Quarter, Sub-Quarter and Statistical Area, 2017" (PDF). jerusaleminstitute.org.il. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e Sharon, 2004, p. 155
  3. ^ a b "Jerusalem family finds 2,000-year-old ritual bath under living room". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  4. ^ a b "Ein Karem, a village and its cultural landscape". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2021-12-25.
  5. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xx, village #360. Also gives cause of depopulation.
  6. ^ "'Ayn Karim – عين كارم –Jerusalem – Palestine Remembered". palestineremembered.com. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  7. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Ein Karem, a village and its cultural landscape". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2021-12-25.
  8. ^ a b Dvir, Noam (25 August 2010). "Ein Karem Under Threat". Haaretz. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  9. ^ "Visiting Ein Karem". iTravelJerusalem. Retrieved 2021-12-25.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Lemire, Vincent (2023). In the Shadow of the Wall: The Life and Death of Jerusalem's Maghrebi Quarter, 1187–1967 (1 ed.). Stanford University Press (published 2023-04-04). pp. 12–13, 23, 27–30. ISBN 9781503615397.
  11. ^ "Joshua 15 Brenton's Septuagint Translation". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2022-05-31.
  12. ^ Guérin, 1868, pp. 84–85
  13. ^ a b G. Ernest Wright, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 71 [Oct. 1938], pp. 28f
  14. ^ Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land. (3rd edition 1993) Jerusalem, Carta, p.233, ISBN 965-220-186-3 (English)
  15. ^ Re'em, 2016, Jerusalem, 'En Kerem
  16. ^ Tsafrir, Di Segni and Green, 1994, p. 82
  17. ^ "Qumran Copper Scroll". Archived from the original on 2014-03-14. Retrieved 2017-09-09. (line 46)
  18. ^ "Ein Kerem". My Holy Land. Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
  19. ^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 906
  20. ^ a b Theodosius, 1893, p. 10
  21. ^ Zohar Amar and Yaron Serri, The Land of Israel and Syria as Described by al-Tamimi – Jerusalem Physician of the 10th Century, Ramat-Gan 2004, p. 26 ISBN 965-226-252-8 (Hebrew)
  22. ^ a b c d e f Sharon, 2004, p. 156
  23. ^ Landes-Nagar, 2017, Jerusalem, ʽEn Kerem
  24. ^ Kark & Oren-Nordheim 2001, p. 212.
  25. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 118
  26. ^ NB: Clerical persons, whether Muslim, Jewish or Christian, were not included
  27. ^ Buckingham, 1821, pp. 227–229
  28. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, 2nd appendix, p. 123
  29. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 2, pp. 141, 157
  30. ^ Guérin, 1868, pp. 83–96
  31. ^ a b Guérin, 1868, p. 84
  32. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 143. It was also noted to be in the Beni Hasan district
  33. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 122 noted 144 houses
  34. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, pp. 19–21
  35. ^ Schick, 1896, p. 125
  36. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xx, village #360. Also gives the cause for depopulation
  37. ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 57
  38. ^ Ein Karem Elevation (649.83 M), on Distancesto.com
  39. ^ Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics Depopulated Jerusalem Localities of the year 1948 by Selected Variables
  40. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xxii, settlement #107. 1949
  41. ^ a b Khalidi, 1992, p. 273
  42. ^ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 14
  43. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 39
  44. ^ נאור, מרדכי (1986). ימי חומה ומגדל (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Yitzhak Ben Tsvi. p. 8.
  45. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 24
  46. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 102
  47. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 152
  48. ^ UN map of Jerusalem Corpus Separatum Archived 2006-12-11 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ^ Gelber, Yoav (2006). Palestine, 1948: war, escape and the emergence of the Palestinian refugee problem. p. 308.
  50. ^ Efraim Karsh, Palestine Betrayed (2010) p182.
  51. ^ a b c Morris, 2004, p. 436, quoting: Entries for 10 and 11 July 1948, General Staff\Operations Logbook, IDFA\922\75\\1176; and Mordechai Abir, 'The local Arab Factor in the War of Independence (Jerusalem Area)' 18–19, IDFA 1046\70\185\\; and Yeruham, 'Arab Information (from 14.7.48)', 15 July 1948 HA 105\127aleph.
  52. ^ "Hadassah opens new pediatric bone marrow transplantation unit – Israel News – Jerusalem Post". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  53. ^ Guérin, 1869, pp. 2–3
  54. ^ Sharon, 2004, p. 157
  55. ^ Pringle, 1993, pp. 38–46
  56. ^ a b c The Ain Karem Casa Nova is Back, Custodia Terrae Sanctae, 30 April 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2019
  57. ^ Ain Karem: Saint John the Baptist, at custodia.org. Retrieved 21 May 2019
  58. ^ Abel, 1938, pp. 295f
  59. ^ Pringle, 1993, pp. 30–38
  60. ^ Jack Finegan (2014). The Archeology of the New Testament: The Life of Jesus and the Beginning of the Early Church (revised ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 4. ISBN 9781400863181. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  61. ^ Pringle, 1993, p. 32
  62. ^ Sharon, 2004, pp. 156–157
  63. ^ Maundrell, 1703, p. 92
  64. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Maria Alphonse Ratisbonne". newadvent.org. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  65. ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Luke 1:39–56 – New International Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  66. ^ Petersen, 2001 pp. 100–103
  67. ^ טיולי, אתר. "ירושלים עין כרם - אתר טיולי". tiuli.com. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  68. ^ Sisters of mercy Haaretz, 8 November 2007

Bibliography

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Further reading

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  • Olivier Rota, « L'exode arabe d'Eïn-Kerem en 1948. La relation des événements par les sœurs de Notre-Dame de Sion, St. Jean in Montana », in Tsafon, n°46, winter 2003, pp. 179–195.
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Jerusalem/Ein Kerem.
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