The Äynu (also Ainu, Abdal or Aini) are a Turkic people native to the Xinjiang region of China, where they are an unrecognized ethnic group legally counted as Uyghurs. They speak the Äynu language and mainly adhere to Alevism.[1][2][3] There are estimated to be around 30,000 to 50,000 Äynu people, mostly located on the fringe of the Taklamakan Desert.[4][5]
ئەينۇ | |
|---|---|
| Total population | |
| 30,000–50,000 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Xinjiang, China | |
| Languages | |
| Äynu, Uyghur and Standard Chinese | |
| Religion | |
| Majority: Alevi Minority: Sunni Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Persians, Uyghurs, Ili Turks, other Turkic and Iranic peoples |
History
editThe origins of the Äynu people are disputed. Some historians theorize that the ancestors of the Äynu were an Iranian-related nomadic people who came from Persia several hundred years ago or more,[6] while others conclude that the Persian vocabulary of the Äynu language is a result of Iranian languages being once the major trade languages of the region or Persian traders intermarrying with local women.[7]
The Äynu at some point converted to Islam in tandem with the Uyghurs. Tension with the Uyghurs and other Turkic peoples of the area resulted in them being pushed out to the less fertile region of the Tarim Basin near the Taklamakan Desert.[5]
The Äynu joined the rebellion of Yakub Beg around 1864 against Qing rule. In the 1930s, the Äynu joined the Kumul rebellion. After the establishment of the Communist state in 1949, certain ethnic groups were given recognition by the state and allowed more cultural freedom. The Äynu applied to be recognized as a distinct ethnic group but were rejected and the state chose to count them as Uyghurs instead.[5]
Language
editThe Äynu people's native language is Äynu, a Turkic language with a strong influence from Persian.[4] Äynu is usually only spoken at home, while Uyghur is spoken in public, by Äynu men and women alike.[citation needed]
Culture
editLivelihood
editThe Äynu people engage mostly in agriculture, animal husbandry or work in the construction industry in the cities. A few also fish or hunt. In the past some were peddlers, circumcisers or beggars.[4][5]
Discrimination
editThere is a tradition of discrimination against the Äynu by their neighbors, who identify the Äynu as Abdal, a name which carries a derogatory meaning.[4] Intermarriage with their neighbors the Uyghur people is uncommon.[8] The Chinese government counts the Äynu people as Uyghur.[8]
Religion
editThe predominant religion of Äynu people is Alevism, a tradition identified with Shia Islam,[1][3][2] although a few profess Sunni Islam.[5]
References
edit- ^ a b Louie, Kam (2008). The Cambridge Companion to Modern Chinese Culture. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0521863223.
- ^ a b Bader, Alyssa Christine (9 May 2012). "Mummy dearest : questions of identity in modern and ancient Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region". Alyssa Christine Bader Whitman College p31. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
- ^ a b Starr, S. Frederick (2004). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland: China's Muslim Borderland. Routledge. p. 303. ISBN 978-0765613189.
- ^ a b c d Johanson, Lars (2001). "Discoveries on the Turkic Linguistic Map" (PDF). Skrifter. 5. Stockholm: Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul: 21–22.
- ^ a b c d e Minahan, James B. (2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9781610690188.
- ^ Safran, William (1998). Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China. Routledge. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-7146-4921-4.
- ^ Matras, Yaron; Bakker, Peter (2003). The Mixed Language Debate: Theoretical and Empirical Advances. Walter de Gruyter. p. 9. ISBN 3-11-017776-5.
- ^ a b Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., ed. (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.). Dallas, Tex.: SIL International.
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