Azer or Azayr is a mostly or entirely extinct dialect of the Soninke language,[1][2] heavily mixed with Berber and Hassaniya Arabic, formerly spoken in Mauritania and northern Mali.[3][4]
| Azer | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Mali, Senegal, Mauritania |
| Region | West Africa |
| Ethnicity | Soninke |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | azer1256 |
History and distribution
editAzer arose as a lingua franca for trade across the Sahel, a mixture between Soninke and Berber, widely spoken in the salt-trading centres of Ouadane, Tinigi, Chinguetti, Tichit, Oualata, and Aoudaghost. The name is supposedly derived from the Berber term 'El Answar', their name for the Guiriganke or related Soninke group who founded these oasis towns. Azer's usage progressively declined beginning in the 16th century as it was replaced by Berber and Hassaniya.[3]
Elements of the language were collected and studied by Heinrich Barth in the 19th century, Diego Brosset in 1930–1931 and Théodore Monod in 1934.[5]
Some Berber and Nemadi communities in the Adrar Plateau, Araouane, Oualata, Néma and Taoudenni spoke Azer well into the 20th century.[5][6][7][8] The language survives today mostly in place names such as Chinguetti, which means 'spring of horses'.[9][2]
Notes
edit- ^ Nicolaï 1977, p. 135.
- ^ a b Blench 2019, p. 444.
- ^ a b McDougall, E. Ann (1985). "The View from Awdaghust: War, Trade and Social Change in the Southwestern Sahara, from the Eighth to the Fifteenth Century". The Journal of African History. 26 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1017/S0021853700023069.
- ^ Daou, B. "Lassana Drame, le dernier depositaire de l'Azer a tire sa reverence". Afribone. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
- ^ a b Nicolaï 1977, p. 129.
- ^ Webb 1994, p. 15.
- ^ Monteil 1939, p. 220.
- ^ Blench 2019, p. 450.
- ^ Monteil 1939.
Sources
edit- Blench, Roger (2019). "The Linguistic Prehistory of the Sahara". In Gatto, M. (ed.). Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond (PDF). Cambridge University Press. pp. 431–463. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
- Monteil, Charles (1939). La Langue azer (in French). Paris: Larose. p. 120.
- Nicolaï, Robert (1977). "Sur l'appartenance du songhay" (PDF). Annales de la faculté des lettres et sciences humaines de Nice (28). Retrieved 25 June 2024.
- Webb, James L.A. (1994). Desert Frontier: Ecological and Economic Change Along the Western Sahel, 1600–1850. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14334-3.
