Wikipedia

BMW i3

(Redirected from BMW Mega City Vehicle)
For the battery electric sedan based on the 3 Series and produced in China since 2022, see BMW i3 (G28).

The BMW i3 is an electric car that was manufactured by German marque BMW from 2013 to 2022. The i3 was BMW's first mass-produced zero emissions vehicle and was launched as part of BMW's electric vehicle BMW i sub-brand. It is a B-segment, high-roof hatchback with an electric powertrain. It uses rear-wheel drive via a single-speed transmission and an underfloor lithium-ion battery pack with an optional range-extending petrol engine.[15]

BMW i3
Overview
ManufacturerBMW
Model codeI01
ProductionSeptember 2013 – August 2022 (250,000 units)[1]
Model years2014–2021 (North America)
AssemblyGermany: Leipzig (BMW Group Plant Leipzig)
DesignerRichard Kim[2][3]
Body and chassis
ClassSupermini/subcompact car (B)
Body style5-door hatchback
LayoutRear-motor, rear-wheel-drive
DoorsConventional doors (front)
Suicide doors (rear)
Powertrain
Engine647 cc W20K06U0 25 kW I2 range extender
9 L (2.4 US gal) in Europe[4] and U.S (2017+)[5]
7.2 L (1.9 US gal) in the U.S. (2014–2016)[5]
Electric motorBMW eDrive synchronous permanent magnet motor 125 kW[6] 137 kW
TransmissionSingle speed with fixed ratio[7]
Hybrid drivetrainSeries plug-in hybrid
Range extender (i3 REx)
Batteryi3 60 Ah: 18.2 kWh (22 gross) lithium-ion[8]
i3 94 Ah: 27.2 kWh (33 gross) lithium-ion[9]
i3 120 Ah: 37.9 kWh (42.2 gross) lithium-ion
Electric rangeBEV 60 Ah
130 km (81 mi) EPA[10]
129 to 161 km (80 to 100 mi) NEDC[7]
BEV 94 Ah
183 km (114 mi) EPA[9]
BEV 120 Ah
246 km (153 mi) EPA[11]
359 km (223 mi) NEDC[12]
309 km (192 mi) WLTP[12]
REx 60 Ah (with range extender)
116 km (72 mi) (EPA)[13]
Total: 241 km (150 mi) (EPA)[13]
REx 94 Ah (with range extender)
156 km (97 mi)
Total: 290 km (180 mi)[14]
REx 120 Ah (with range extender)
203 km (126 mi)
Total: 322 km (200 mi)
Plug-in charging7.4 kW on-board charger on IEC Combo AC, optional 50 kW Combo DC, DCFC standard on 2015+ models in the US market.
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,570 mm (101.2 in)[7]
Length3,999 mm (157.4 in)[7]
Width1,775 mm (69.9 in)[7]
Height1,578 mm (62.1 in)[7]
Kerb weight60 Ah: 1,195 kg (2,635 lb)[7]
60 Ah: 1,315 kg (2,899 lb) (with range extender)[7]
Chronology
SuccessorBMW iX
BMW i4

Styled by Richard Kim, the i3 is a five-door with a passenger module of high strength, ultra-lightweight carbon fibre reinforced polymer adhered to an aluminium chassis, battery, drive system and powertrain. The body features two clamshell rear-hinged rear doors.

The i3 debuted as a concept at the 2011 International Motor Show Germany,[15][16] and production began in September 2013[17] in Leipzig.

It ranked third amongst electric cars sold worldwide from 2014 to 2016.[18][19][20] Its global sales totaled 250,000 units by the end of 2022.[21] Germany was its biggest market with over 47,500 units delivered through December 2021, followed by the U.S. with over 45,000.[22]

The i3 won two World Car of the Year Awards, selected as 2014 World Green Car of the Year and as 2014 World Car Design of the Year.[23] The i3 received an iF Product Design Gold Award,[24] and won UK Car of the Year 2014 and Best Supermini of 2014 in the first UK Car of the Year Awards.

History

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Sketch of the Mega City Vehicle (MCV)

In February 2011, BMW debuted its sub-brand, BMW i, to market vehicles produced under Project i. BMW i vehicles were to be sold separately from BMW or Mini. The first two production models are the BMW i3, formerly called the Mega City Vehicle (MCV), and the plug-in hybrid BMW i8, the production version of the Vision Efficient Dynamics concept unveiled at the 2009 International Motor Show Germany and has an all-electric range of 50 kilometres (31 mi). Production of both cars was scheduled to start in Leipzig in 2013.[25][26]

BMW incorporated lessons learned during the field testing of the Mini E (2009–2010) and the BMW ActiveE (2012) into the design of the i3, in particular the battery and powertrain, achievable range, and the use of one pedal driving in urban traffic areas.[27][28]

Concept vehicles

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BMW i3 concept car exhibited at the 2011 International Motor Show Germany

The i3 concept car was unveiled at the 2011 International Motor Show.[15][16] This prototype had a 22 kWh (79 MJ) lithium-ion battery pack that delivered between 130 and 160 km (80 and 100 mi). The battery fully charged in about four hours with the 240-volt charging unit. The i3 was expected to go from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) in less than 8 seconds.[15][16]

BMW also showcased a BMW i3 prototype during the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.[29][17]

BMW unveiled the i3 Concept Coupé study at the 2012 Los Angeles Auto Show. The concept car demonstrated the potential for extending the model range. The three-door hatchback coupe, like the five-door i3 electric hatchback sedan, was propelled by an electric motor developed by the BMW Group, with a maximum output of 125 kW (168 hp) and peak torque of 250 N⋅m (180 lbf⋅ft). Power delivery to the rear wheels was via a single-speed transmission. The li-ion battery pack was placed under the floor and could deliver an all-electric range of 160 km (99 mi). A 34 horsepower REX petroleum engine could be added to extend the car's range to 320 km (200 mi).[30][31]

Launch

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2014 i3 frontal view
 
2014 i3 side & rear view
 
2021 i3 rear view

The production i3 was announced in July 2013 as a 2014 model year vehicle.[32] Automotive press were invited to test drive the production cars in Amsterdam.[33]

The original battery capacity was 60 Ah or 22 kWh (gross), with a net capacity of 19 kWh.[34] The unladen DIN weight was 1,195 kg (2,635 lb), 1,315 kg (2,899 lb) with the range extender.[35]

In the United States, the i3 was available with one of three trim packages dictating the wheels and interior: Mega World (base, cloth seats and 19" Style 427 wheels), Giga World (+US$1,700, adds leather interior accents and 19" Giga-specific Style 429 wheels), and Tera World (+US$2,700, adds full leather interior and 19" Tera-specific Style 428 wheels). 20" Style 430 double-spoke wheels were optional for Giga and Tera trims. In addition, two option packages were available: Parking Assistant (+US$1,000, added backup camera and parking assistance) and Technology – Driving Assistant (+US$2,500, added wide-screen navigation, deceleration assistance, and adaptive cruise control).[36][37] Wheel and tyre sizes varied by trim.[38] The equivalent trim lines in the UK were named Standard/Atelier, Loft (+£1,000; both corresponding to Mega); Lodge (+£1,500, corresponding to Giga); and Suite (+£2,000, corresponding to Tera). Wheel options were not locked to trims in the UK, with 19" Style 427 wheels standard and the rest optionally available in combination with any interior trim.[39]

Feature[40] US Mega Giga Tera
UK Std/Atelier Loft Lodge Suite
Interior Cloth (black) Cloth (grey) Leather & wool Leather
Wheels &
Tyres 		19"  
(Style 427)		  
(Style 429)		  
(Style 428)
F/R: 155/70R19 (BEV)
F: 155/70R19 (REx)
R: 175/60R19 (REx) 		F: 155/70R19
R: 175/60R19 		F: 155/70R19
R: 175/60R19
20" (optional) —  
(Style 430)
F: 155/60R20
R: 175/55R20

2017 model

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In May 2016, BMW announced the 2017 model year (MY) BMW i3 would have a 94 Ah / 33 kWh (27.2 kWh net usable) battery, allowing increased range, in both the all-electric and range-extended versions. BMW and Samsung SDI optimized the cell-internal packages with more electrolyte and adapted the active material, resulting in higher energy density of the lithium ion cells that increased battery capacity by more than 50% without changes in exterior dimensions of the car.[34] The electronics package was upgraded with new software mapping for the battery cooling system and the electric motor.[41] With the larger battery, the unladen EU weight was 1,320 kg (2,910 lb), rising to 1,440 kg (3,170 lb) with the range extender.[42]

The range of the REx model was increased in the American market thanks to a fuel tank that is effectively 25% larger than the previous model.[34] Although the fuel tank is physically unchanged, BMW previously had locked out part of the tank using software specific to the American market to meet requirements for vehicles with range extenders, as the car had more gasoline-powered range than all-electric range, which would affect its status as a zero-emissions vehicle (ZEV) in California.[43]

The 2017 model year i3 was released in the United States and Europe in July 2016. According to BMW, as of 10 August 2016, orders for the larger battery i3 exceeded 7,000 units, with a total of 2,358 i3s delivered worldwide in July 2016, up 33.7% year-on-year.[44] Sales also surged in the U.S. with 1,479 units sold in July 2016, up 58.2% from July 2015, and 143.3% from June 2016.[45] However, BMW only managed to sell 6,276 i3s in 2017 in the U.S., a drop of 17 percent from 2016.[46] Purchase incentive of up to $10,000 was available for 2017 or 2018 models.[47][48]

Both variants with the improved battery were scheduled to be available in the UK, Germany, and France starting in July 2016.[49][50][51] Owners of previous i3 models in selected markets have the option to retrofit their vehicles with the improved battery. BMW plans to use the used 22 kWh batteries in the manufacturing of stationary power storage units.[49][51] The battery retrofit option is not available in the U.S.[52]

2018 model and i3s

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BMW i3s
 
i3s front
 
i3s side and rear

The exterior was refreshed for the 2018 model year, with a new front bumper, horizontal turnsignal light openings, and standard LED headlights. The rear bumper was also revised and a horizontal silver bar was added to the rear hatch. On the side, a silver accent was added to the roofline on the i3 model, not on the i3s model; the visual stance of the i3s was widened with the addition of fender flares.[53]

In 2017, BMW announced the addition of the i3s ("sport") to its lineup beginning with the 2018 model year.[54] Visually, many of the chrome accents added to the regular 2018 model were blacked-out on the i3s. The i3s features increased power and torque output from 170 to 181 hp (127 to 135 kW) and 184 to 199 lb⋅ft (249 to 270 N⋅m), a lowered sport suspension, wider model-exclusive Style 431 double-spoke wheels and tires (F: 175/55R20 and R: 195/50R20, each 20 mm (0.79 in) wider than the standard tires fitted with Style 430 wheels), faster acceleration, and a SPORT drive mode.[55][56] The i3s features a wider track width at 1,592 / 1,578 mm (62.7 / 62.1 in), compared to 1,571 / 1,576 mm (61.9 / 62.0 in) (F/R) for the regular i3; overall width also increases from 1,775 to 1,791 mm (69.9 to 70.5 in).[57] The i3s, like the i3, is offered with optional Range Extender. Also like the regular i3, the i3s is offered with a choice of interiors, from standard Mega / Atelier and Loft to Giga / Lodge and Tera / Suite. The unladen EU weight of the i3s was approximately 20 kg (44 lb) heavier than the regular i3, at 1,340 kg (2,950 lb) without and 1,460 kg (3,220 lb) with the range extender.[42]

2019 model

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In September 2018, BMW announced a larger 42.2 kWh (120 Ah) battery for the i3.[58] Minor alterations to the i3 included new color options and adaptive headlights. With the introduction of the bigger battery, BMW decided to discontinue the REX version of the i3 in Europe.[59] Unladen weight did not grow much with the larger battery; the unladen EU weight was 1,345 kg (2,965 lb) for the regular i3 and 1,365 kg (3,009 lb) for the i3s.[60]

Discontinuation

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Lateral view of the 2021 i3

As of December 2019, BMW planned to continue i3 production until 2024, and there were no specific plans for an i3 successor.[61] However, BMW announced in June 2021 it would discontinue i3 sales in the US after the 2021 model year, replaced by the BMW iX and BMW i4 for that market in 2022. The end of production for US models occurred in July 2021;[62][63][64] Australian models were discontinued at the end of 2021.[65]

BMW confirmed in early 2022 that production of all i3 models is scheduled to end in July 2022, and will be succeeded in some markets by BMW iX1, which will enter mass production at the Regensburg factory in 2024[1] before shifting to Hungary. The Leipzig plant will be retooled to produce the updated Mini Countryman.[65]

3G cellular technology discontinuation

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In April 2021, BMW announced the 3G cellular technology services will be discontinued starting February 2022 for vehicles in the US market.[66] This is due to the decline and decommissioning of the 3G service.

Design and technology

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The chassis of the i3 consists of the CFRP "Life Module" mated to an aluminum "Drive Module"

Body and chassis

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The i3 was the first mass production car with most of its internal structure and body made of carbon-fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP). BMW took advantage of the absence of a forward internal combustion engine, giving the i3 a "clean sheet design" with a sports-like appearance.[67][29][68]

 
Side view of i3, with doors open

The i3 includes four doors and seating for four occupants with rear suicide doors.[29] The passenger compartment is known as the Life Module, made of CFRP, sitting atop the aluminum Drive Module, which incorporates the powertrain, frame, battery, and suspension.[69] Carbon fiber is sourced from SGL Automotive Carbon Fibers, a joint venture of BMW and SGL Carbon in Moses Lake, Washington; the fibers are woven into fabric at another BMW/SGL joint venture plant in Wackersdorf, then the fabric is laid up into structures using a resin transfer molding process at BMW Landshut.[70] Finally, the finished pieces are assembled into the Life Module by 173 robots at BMW Leipzig, using adhesives only.[69]

The door panels of the i3 are made of hemp, which mixed with plastic helps lower the weight of each panel by about 10%. Hemp fibers, left exposed, also form a design element of the car's interior and contribute to sustainability. Further environmental consciousness is reflected in the optional seat leather, which is tanned with olive-leaf extract and the dashboard trim, which is made from environmentally refined wood from certified cultivation in Europe.[71] By November 2010, BMW had demonstrated the passenger compartment's light weight, and the automaker's chief executive said they had already decided on the basic design of the car and that road-testing prototypes began soon after.[72]

The tires for the i3 were designed by Bridgestone to minimize rolling resistance and aerodynamic drag, featuring a narrower width, larger diameter, and higher inflation pressure (155/70R19 at 320 kPa (46 psi)) than typical passenger car tires (175/65R15 at 210 kPa (30 psi) for equivalent load capacity).[73] Bridgestone call this combination of changes "ologic", supplying similar tires to World Solar Challenge teams.[74][75]

At launch Bridgestone were the sole tyre supplier for the BMW i3, but since launch Nankang, Continental and recently Michelin have begun to supply 155 and 175 widths.[76]

Weight

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Kerb weight based on model[77]
Model
Battery
 BEV REX BEV S REX S
60Ah 1,195 kg (2,635 lb) 1,315 kg (2,899 lb) — —
94Ah 1,245 kg (2,745 lb) 1,365 kg (3,009 lb) 1,265 kg (2,789 lb) 1,385 kg (3,053 lb)
120Ah 1,270 kg (2,800 lb) 1,390 kg (3,060 lb) 1,290 kg (2,840 lb) 1,410 kg (3,110 lb)

Powertrain

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Electric motor located between the rear wheels with empty space at the right available for the range-extending gasoline engine

The i3 uses a newly developed powertrain consisting of a 130-kilowatt (170 hp) electric motor running on lithium-ion batteries and driving the rear axle.[29] The top speed is limited to 150 km/h (93 mph).[78] A range-extender option is available, adding a small rear-mounted gasoline engine to recharge the traction battery when it is low.

Battery, range, and economy

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The traction motor battery is underneath the car's floor

BMW aimed to achieve a range of 160 km (100 mi), the same range that was expected for the BMW ActiveE, but in order to reduce weight, battery capacity was cut to 16 kWh instead of the ActiveE's 30 kWh.[27] As initially sold (2014–16 model years), the vehicle's official range is 130 to 160 km (80 to 100 mi) for the 60 Ah battery option under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), and up to 200 km (120 mi) in the most efficient driving mode.[7][79] Under the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cycle, the official range of the 60 Ah model is 130 km (81 mi) with combined fuel economy of 124 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent —MPGe— (1.90 L/100 km; 149 mpg imp).

The 2014–16 model years with the range extender option have an official NEDC total range of 257 to 299 km (160 to 186 mi).[80]

BMW estimates the energy consumption is 0.21 kWh/mile in everyday driving.[7] Under its five-cycle testing, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rated the 2014 through 2016 model year all-electric BMW i3 (60 Ah) energy consumption at 27 kWh/100 mi (16.9 kWh/100 km) with a combined fuel economy at 124 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent – MPGe – (1.90 L/100 km; 149 mpg imp) with an all-electric range of 130 km (81 mi).[10][81] The range-extended model has lower ratings than the all-electric i3 due to the extra weight of the twin-cylinder gasoline engine used in the i3 REx.[13]

Range and economy varies depending on the presence of the range extending internal combustion engine and larger batteries fitted to later models:

BMW i3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ratings
All-electric (no REx)
Model year Model Battery EV range Economy / consumption Notes
Combined City Highway
2021 i3 / i3s 120 Ah 153 mi (246 km) 113 mpg‑e (0.30 kW⋅h/mi) 124 mpg‑e (0.27 kW⋅h/mi) 102 mpg‑e (0.33 kW⋅h/mi)
2020
2019
2018 i3 94 Ah 114 mi (183 km) 118 mpg‑e (0.29 kW⋅h/mi) 129 mpg‑e (0.26 kW⋅h/mi) 106 mpg‑e (0.32 kW⋅h/mi)
i3s 107 mi (172 km) 112 mpg‑e (0.30 kW⋅h/mi) 126 mpg‑e (0.27 kW⋅h/mi) 99 mpg‑e (0.34 kW⋅h/mi)
2017 i3 114 mi (183 km) 118 mpg‑e (0.29 kW⋅h/mi) 129 mpg‑e (0.26 kW⋅h/mi) 106 mpg‑e (0.32 kW⋅h/mi)
2016 60 Ah 81 mi (130 km) 124 mpg‑e (0.27 kW⋅h/mi) 137 mpg‑e (0.246 kW⋅h/mi) 111 mpg‑e (0.30 kW⋅h/mi) [a]
2015
2014
Range-extended (REx)
Model year Model Battery Range Economy / consumption Notes
Combined City Highway
EV with REx EV with REx EV with REx EV with REx
2021 i3 REx 120 Ah 126 mi (203 km) 200 mi (320 km) 100 mpg‑e (0.34 kW⋅h/mi) 31 mpg‑US (7.6 L/100 km) 107 mpg‑e (0.32 kW⋅h/mi) 30 mpg‑US (7.8 L/100 km) 93 mpg‑e (0.36 kW⋅h/mi) 31 mpg‑US (7.6 L/100 km) [b]
2020
2019
2018 94 Ah 97 mi (156 km) 180 mi (290 km) 111 mpg‑e (0.30 kW⋅h/mi) 35 mpg‑US (6.7 L/100 km) 118 mpg‑e (0.29 kW⋅h/mi) 36 mpg‑US (6.5 L/100 km) 101 mpg‑e (0.33 kW⋅h/mi) 33 mpg‑US (7.1 L/100 km)
2017
2016 60 Ah 72 mi (116 km) 150 mi (240 km) 117 mpg‑e (0.29 kW⋅h/mi) 39 mpg‑US (6.0 L/100 km) 127 mpg‑e (0.27 kW⋅h/mi) 41 mpg‑US (5.7 L/100 km) 107 mpg‑e (0.32 kW⋅h/mi) 37 mpg‑US (6.4 L/100 km)
2015
2014
Source: EPA[10][89][81][85][86][90][91][92][93][94]
Notes:
  1. ^ Between May 2014 and October 2016 the all-electric BMW i3 was the most fuel efficient EPA-certified vehicle of all years regardless of fuel type.[82][83][84]
  2. ^ The EPA classifies the i3 REx as a series plug-in hybrid or EREV[10][85][86][87] while CARB as a range-extended battery-electric vehicle (BEVx).[88] Since June 2014 the BMW i3 REx is the most fuel efficient EPA-certified vehicle current year vehicle with a gasoline engine (in terms of combined gasoline/electricity rating).[82][83][89]

With these ratings the all-electric BMW i3 was the most fuel efficient EPA-certified vehicle sold in the United States of all years regardless of fuel type until November 2016, when it was surpassed by the Hyundai Ioniq Electric, rated at 136 MPGe (25 kWh/100 mi).[82][83][84] Similarly, the i3 REx in 2014 was the most efficient EPA-certified current year vehicle with a gasoline engine, replacing the Chevrolet Volt.[82][89]

 
Comparison of EPA-rated range for electric cars rated up until July 2017 and priced under US$50,000 in the U.S. Only model year with 2016 and 2017 cars included[95][96]

In July 2016, BMW released the 2017 model year (MY) BMW i3 with an improved 94 Ah (33 kWh) battery pack, 50% more capacity than the previous model, resulting in an increase of its range to 183 km (114 mi) under the EPA cycle, an increase of 33 mi (53 km) over the 60 Ah variant.[9] The 94 Ah battery gave a range of 300 km (190 mi) under the NEDC test.[34][49][79] The i3 94 Ah combined fuel economy rating is 118 MPG-e, down from 124 MPG-e for the model with the 60 Ah battery.[9]

The 2017 BMW i3 REx with the larger 94 Ah battery has an EPA-rated range of 97 mi (156 km), and combined fuel economy rating is 111 MPG-e. The range using the gasoline-powered engine increased to 83 mi (134 km) from 78 mi (126 km) in the previous versions.[14]

The battery rating was again increased in 2018 to 120 Ah, which results in a total capacity of 42.2 kWh. The 2019 BMW i3 REx with 120 Ah battery has an EPA-rated battery-only range of 126 mi (203 km), a combined gas and electric range of 200 miles (320 km) miles, and a combined fuel economy rating of 100 MPG-e.[97]

Charging

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The charge port on the BMW i3 is a CCS Combo 2 (Combo 1 in North America) that can charge at up to 7-11 kW AC (with the type 2 charge port) depending on the model and 50 kW DC.
 
BMW i3 charging at an on-street Level 2 public station

BMW designed the i3 eDrive powertrain based on the premise that the battery would need to be recharged only once every two to three days. The charging frequency was derived from field trial results taken from the BMW ActiveE and MINI E vehicles in Asia, Europe and the U.S., whereby the typical commuting use between the pilot users' homes and workplaces was calculated.[98]

The i3 allows the owner to charge the battery from a conventional wall socket. In addition, the BMW i3 has multiple charging options. With the original 60Ah battery, AC fast charging can take less than 3 hours when charging from 0 to 80% while using the BMW i Wallbox Pure or any 3rd party charging equipment (EVSE) supporting 32A. Most European models supported three-phase AC charging up to 11 kW. The i3 also has a 50 kW DC fast charging option suitable for public DC charging stations, which can take less than 30 minutes to charge the 60Ah version from 0% to 80%.[99][100][101] Later 94Ah and 120Ah models take proportionally longer.

In the US, the i3 can also be charged from any public charging station with an SAE J1772 connector.[102] In 2016, BMW and the PG&E utility in California expanded an experiment of delaying charge-up during peak demand and compensating i3 owners for the delay.[103]

BMW claims that the i3 is the first fully online all-electric vehicle,[104] but the Tesla Model S has had full 3G Internet connectivity since 2012.[105]

Additional mobility

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BMW i introduced the BMW i Flexible Mobility Program for trips where the range of a BMW i3 would not be enough to allow customers to cover longer distances, such as providing a conventional BMW vehicle for a specified number of days per year.[98] The program started in October 2014 in the US and individual dealers can choose whether to participate in this program.[106] BMW is also offering a roadside assistance program in areas of high sales. The assistance vehicle will provide a charge so the i3 can travel to the next charging station. In addition, the i3 digital display panel shows the location of nearby recharging stations to alleviate range anxiety.[107]

Range extender option (i3 REx)

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i3 Range extender version (REx) gasoline fuel door is at the right front side

An optional petrol/gasoline range extender engine is marketed as REx[29] and is powered by the same Kymco-built 647 cc inline two-cylinder engine used in the BMW C650 GT maxi-scooter.[108] The system is intended as an emergency backup to extend range to the next recharging location, and not for long-distance travel.[109] The 647 cc engine as fitted in the i3 REx is derated compared to the engine of the same displacement in the C650 GT; the REx engine develops 34 hp; 34 PS (25 kW) and 41 lb⋅ft; 5.6 kg⋅m (55 N⋅m) at 4,300 RPM, achieving compliance with Euro-6 emissions standards[110] compared to the 59 hp; 60 PS (44 kW) (at 7,500 RPM) and 49 lb⋅ft; 6.7 kg⋅m (66 N⋅m) (at 6,000 RPM) for the engine in the C650 GT, which complies with the less restrictive Euro-4 emissions.[111]

The REx engine operates when battery capacity drops to a pre-specified level, generating electricity to extend the range.[112] Vehicles equipped with the REx have an additional fuel filler door on the right front fender, allowing drivers to fill the 9 L (2.0 imp gal; 2.4 US gal) tank. However, model year 2014–16 i3 REx vehicles in the U.S. are limited to a fuel capacity of 7.2 L (1.6 imp gal; 1.9 US gal) electronically, in accordance with the car's classification as a range-extended battery-electric vehicle; with the full capacity, the gasoline-extended range would exceed the all-electric range, which would classify the car as a plug-in hybrid instead.[113][114] The European model REx has an extended range of approximately 320 km (200 mi).[112] In the United States with the limited tank, under EPA five-cycle testing, the i3 REx has a total range of 240 km (150 mi), of which approximately half [116 km (72 mi)] is all-electric.[13] The restrictions applied to the US configuration of the i3 that do not apply to other territories prompted a class-action lawsuit in 2016.[115]

United States / California regulation

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The range-extender option of the BMW i3 was designed to meet the California Air Resources Board (CARB) regulation for an auxiliary power unit (APU). According to rules adopted in March 2012 by CARB, the 2014 BMW i3 with a REx unit fitted is the first car ever to qualify as a range-extended battery-electric vehicle or "BEVx". CARB describes this type of electric vehicle as "a relatively high-electric range battery-electric vehicle (BEV) to which an APU is added." The unit, which maintains battery charge at about 30% after the pack has been depleted in normal use, is strictly limited in the additional range it can provide. As a BEVx, the car is required to deliver a minimum 75 mi (121 km) electric range.[116][88]

CARB classified the i3 with the REx option as a "Transitional Zero Emission Vehicle" (TZEV), the same classification as other plug-in hybrids such as the Chevrolet Volt and the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid. This classification made the i3 REx eligible for California's green sticker that identifies the vehicles allowed to be operated by a single occupant in California's high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV), or carpool or diamond lanes, but not for the white sticker reserved for pure electric cars, such as the BMW i3 without REx.[117][118] In addition, CARB certification of the i3 REx as BEVx allows the i3 with range extender to be eligible for a US$2,500 Clean Vehicle Rebate, the same amount eligible pure electric cars are entitled to. Other plug-in hybrids are eligible for only a US$1,500 purchase rebate.[88][119]

Since the 2017 model years and newer i3 REx have the same battery as the all-electric models, newer i3 REx cars have an increased all-electric range due to the higher capacity 94 Ah battery (2017–18) and 120 Ah battery (2019–22) that now exceeds its gas-powered range. For example, the 2017 model year i3 REx equipped with the range extender has a total range of 290 km (180 mi), of which 156 km (97 mi) is all-electric.[14] With their larger batteries fitted to the 2017 model year and later, the all-electric range exceeds the total gasoline range for the 2017 model year and beyond, so the software restrictions were removed for these model years and BMW was able to unlock the full tank for later models of the i3 REx without affecting its ZEV status.[114]

Interior and controls

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Main controls and digital screens
 
Dashboard and front seats (Giga/Lodge)

In June 2012 an updated version of the BMW i3 concept car was unveiled at the opening of the first BMW i store, located on Park Lane in London, UK. The updated i3 concept consists of a new interior colour and materials concept. The seat covers combine responsibly sourced wool and leather naturally tanned with an olive oil leaf-based agent. The almost symmetrical curving dash is inlaid with treated eucalyptus wood that, according to BMW, is sourced from sustainably managed European forests.[120][121]

Information is provided to the driver through a 16.5 cm (6.5 in) freestanding instrument cluster and a 22.3 cm (8.8 in) central information display. The bench-derived front seats replace the center tunnel that bisected the cabin and a floor-mounted transmission, brake levers or center console are also absent.[120][121]

The BMW i3 has two pedals like all cars with automatic transmission. The accelerator pedal acts as both accelerator and engine brake. When the driver releases the pedal, the vehicle's kinetic energy is regenerated by the vehicle drivetrain to recharge the battery. This has the effect of slowing the car down. During the field testing of the Mini E, which has an accelerator that recharges the battery in this way, and consists of brakes that only apply to the rear wheels, BMW has learned that drivers tend to rely on the engine brake: around 75% of all deceleration maneuvers are initiated without the brake pedal in urban traffic areas.[27] BMW also expected the i3 to use the same type of battery and powertrain that is being tested in the BMW ActiveE trials.[28]

Operating modes

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BMW i3 control to select the driving mode: Comfort, Eco Pro or Eco Pro+

The BMW i3 allows the driver to select the car energy consumption through three different driving modes: Comfort, Eco Pro or Eco Pro+ mode. In the standard Comfort mode the i3 delivers a range between 130 and 160 km (80 and 100 mi) in everyday driving conditions, while the i3 REx delivers between 260 and 290 km (160 and 180 mi).[5][122] The Eco Pro mode increases the driving range by around 12% through a different accelerator pedal mapping which uses less power. In Eco Pro+ mode, all settings are geared to achieving the maximum possible range, increasing the driving range by about 24% compared with Comfort mode. In this mode, the maximum speed of the BMW i3 is limited to 90 km/h (56 mph) and electrical devices such as the heating and air conditioning are switched to energy-saving mode.[5][122][123][124] The i3s, introduced for the 2018 model year, adds a SPORT drive mode.[54]

Safety

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The European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) awarded the i3 a four-star car safety rating, resulting in the following ratings for each criterion:

Euro NCAP test results
BMW i3 (2013)[125]
Test Points %
Overall:      
Adult occupant: 31 86%
Child occupant: 40 81%
Pedestrian: 21 57%
Safety assist: 5 55%

The BMW i3's overall ratings are lower than the other six best-selling plug-in electric vehicles, the Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid, Renault Zoe, Nissan Leaf, Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, Chevrolet Volt and Opel Ampera, all of which were rated five stars.[126]

Production

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BMW has implemented efficient manufacturing processes and is using recycled materials to lessen the i3's environmental impact.[71]

BMW is manufacturing carbon strands that form the basis of the i3's carbon-fiber reinforced plastic bodywork at a new US$100 million plant built in Moses Lake, Washington, using raw material shipped from Japan. This location was selected to take advantage of the abundant hydroelectric power available in this U.S. region because carbon-fiber production requires considerable energy and would otherwise emit much carbon dioxide. The carbon fiber is then shipped to Landshut, Germany, where the carbon-fiber reinforced plastic parts are fabricated, and the vehicle assembly line is located in Leipzig.[27][127][128][129][130]

 
Onsite wind turbine generator at BMW Werk Leipzig

In November 2010, the Leipzig plant was retooled add electric vehicle assembly lines, with an investment totaling €400 million euros (US$561 million) through 2013. The plant is located at BMW's complex that already produces variants of the 1 Series model.[72] Four 2.5 MW Nordex wind turbines at Leipzig came online in 2013, supplying approximately 1⁄5 of the factory's electricity needs.[131][132] A concept version of the BMW i3 Coupe reflecting the current status of ongoing development was presented at the March 2013 Geneva Motor Show.[133] The production vehicle was officially unveiled simultaneously in New York, London and Beijing on 29 July 2013.[17] Series production for retail customers began on 18 September 2013, and the first vehicle off the production line was handed over to German marathon runner Jan Fitschen. The car was used as the lead vehicle at the 2013 Berlin Marathon on 29 September.[134][135]

As of February 2014, BMW was producing an average of 70 cars a day, about half the planned production, with lower production due to a high defect rate in the carbon parts. A subsequent investment of about €100 million in the production of carbon parts was made to solve the supply problems. According to BMW, there were 11,000 orders at the time, including 1,200 from U.S. customers. As a result of the high demand and the slow production rate, delivery waiting time extended to September 2014.[136][137]

As of October 2017, production of the BMW i3 was just over 120 cars per day. By late October 2017, the 100,000th BMW i3 had been built in the Leipzig plant.[138] 700 storage batteries taken from used i3 vehicles were linked as the "Storage Farm" at Leipzig in 2017, allowing the automaker to offset the intermittent nature of wind power.[132] The 200,000th i3 rolled off the production line in the Leipzig plant on 15 October 2020.[139] Production ended in July 2022 with a total of 250,000 units. The last ten units manufactured were the special BMW i3s HomeRun Edition.[21]

Marketing and sales

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BMW i3 global annual sales
Year Units sold
2013[140]
1,477
2014[141]
16,052
2015[142]
24,057
2016[18]
25,500
2017[143]
31,482
2018[144]
34,623
2019[144]
39,501
2020[145]
26,770
2021[145]
28,216

Production began on 18 September 2013.[134][146] As of March 2018, the BMW i3 was available in 74 countries.[147]

The first i3 deliveries to retail customers in Europe took place at an official market launch ceremony held in Munich on 15 November 2013.[148] The first delivery to a retail customer in the U.S. took place in May 2014.[149] At its market launch, pricing in the United States started at US$42,275 before any government incentives, and the range extender option an additional US$3,850. Prices in Germany started from €34,950 (US$46,400).[17][150] Pricing in the UK started at £30,680 (US$47,195) before the applicable government grant.[151]

After its release BMW, like many other plug-in electric carmakers at the time, faced weak reception of its electric car lineup.[152][153] BMW expected to sell at least 30,000 units a year from 2014.[154] Global sales passed the 10,000 unit mark in September 2014,[155] 25,000 units in May 2015,[156] and the 50,000 unit milestone was achieved in July 2016.[157] Cumulative global sales attained the 150,000 unit mark by mid 2019.[158]

 
Norway has the largest BMW i3 market penetration per capita in the world[159]

The i3 was the world's third best all-time selling all-electric car in 2016, after the Nissan Leaf and the Tesla Model S, with more than 65,000 units sold worldwide since its inception.[18] The i3 also ranked third by sales among all-electric cars sold worldwide for three years in a row, from 2014 to 2016.[18][19][20][160]

By the end of 2021, i3 sales since inception totaled over 220,000 units delivered worldwide.[161] As of December 2021, Germany listed as the i3 top selling country market with 47,536 units sold,[162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170] followed by the United States with 45,098 units.[22] Norway is also a top market with 28,605 new units registered through January 2022.[171] The Norwegian market has the world's highest i3 penetration per capita.[159] In November 2016, the BMW i3 topped new passenger car monthly sales in Norway.[172] U.S. sales ended in July 2021.[173] Global sales totaled 250,000 units by the end of 2022.[21]

Global sales

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The following table presents annual retail sales or registrations of the i3 top selling national markets through December 2021 for both variants of the BMW i3, except when noted.

BMW i3 sales/registrations in top selling countries[a]
2013 – 2021
Country[b] Cumulative
2013–2021 		2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
  Germany[162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170] 47,536 12,181 8,633 9,382 5,095 4,319 2,863 2,271 2,233 559
  United States[174][175][176][177][178][22] 45,098 1,476 1,508 4,980 6,117 6,276 7,625 11,024 6,092 —
  Norway[179][180][181][182][183][184] 28,605 [c] 2,714 4,851 5,687 5,036 3,953 2,403 2,040 51
  United Kingdom[147][185][186] +22,000 [d] [c] [c] +4,300 ~3,400 3,458 2,631 2,145 1,220 [c]
  France[187][188][189][190][191][192][193][194] 13,574 1,678 1,727 2,956 2,415 1,954 1,347 822 607 68[e]
  Netherlands[195][196][197][198][199][200][201] 8,450 [c] 1,220 2,860 1,613 881 505 574 545 252
  Switzerland[202][203][204][205][206] 6,543 749 806 1,082 1,063 912 547 888 390 106
  Sweden[207][208][209][210][211][212] 5,271 923 769 1,174 760 545 500 379 210 11
  Austria[213][214][215] 3,344 [c] [c] [c] 976 1,041 789 228 296 14
  Spain[216][217][218][219][220][221][222] 3,101 [c] 403 916 682 683 338 251 204 27
  Belgium[223][224][225][226][227][228][229] 3,031 [c] [c] 512 715 613 430 386 353 32
  Italy[230][231][232][233][234][235][236] 2,398 549 [c] 487[e] 278 346 213 262 229 34
  Europe[140][237][238][239][240][241][242][243] 164,456 25,029 23,361 32,451 24,432 20,855 15,060 12,047 9,744 1,477
Global sales[18][140][141][142][143][145][144][244] 227,678[f] 28,216 26,770 39,501 34,623 31,482 ~25,500 24,057 16,052 1,477
  1. ^ Only countries with cumulative sales/registrations around 3,000 units.
  2. ^ Detailed sales for Japan and China are not available.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Sales/registration figures not available
  4. ^ As of March 2021
  5. ^ a b Figure does not include REx version sales/registrations.
  6. ^ Total shown is the sum of annual sales as reported by BMW each year.

Reception

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The BMW i3 won the Geneva Auto Show Car Design of the Year award for 2013 in the production category; an iF Product Design Gold Award for "the incorporation of sustainability in all facets of the interieur and exterieur design";[245] the 2014 World Green Car of the Year; the 2014 World Car Design of the Year,[246] UK Car of the Year 2014, UK Best Super-mini of 2014 and Green Car Journal's 2015 Green Car of the Year Award.[247]

In Australia, the BMW i3 received the 2014 Wheels Car of the Year by Wheels Magazine.[248] In South Africa the i3 received "Design of the Year"[249] and "Game Changer of the Year"[250] in 2016 by the automotive website cars.co.za.

At the 2017 New York International Auto Show the 94 Ah i3 was named the inaugural winner of the "World Urban Car of the Year".[251]

See also

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References

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  167. ^ a b Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) (January 2019). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Segmenten und Modellreihen im Dezember 2018 (FZ 11) (xlsx, 75 KB, Datei ist nicht barrierefrei)" [New registrations of passenger cars by segments and models in December 2018] (in German). KBA. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2019. Click on the link Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Marken und Modellreihen im Dezember 2018 (FZ 11) (xlsx, 75 KB, Datei ist nicht barrierefrei) to download the file with registrations figures by model.
  168. ^ a b Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2020). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Segmenten und Modellreihen im Dezember 2019 (FZ 11) (xlsx, 123 KB, Datei ist nicht barrierefrei)" [New registrations of passenger cars in December 2019 by segment and model series] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 13 June 2020. A total of 9,832 units were registered in Germany in 2019.
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  172. ^ Hegvold, Ola (2 December 2016). "BMW med elbil-sjokk i november" [BMW with electric vehicle shock in November]. Adressa (in Norwegian). Retrieved 3 December 2016.
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  174. ^ Jeff Cobb (6 January 2016). "December 2015 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
  175. ^ Jay Cole (5 January 2015). "December 2014 Plug-In Electric Vehicle Sales Report Card". InsideEVs. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  176. ^ Cobb, Jeff (4 January 2018). "December 2017 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 23 January 2018. American sales of both variants of the i3 totaled 7,625 units in 2016 and 6,276 in 2017.
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  178. ^ Kane, Mark (20 January 2021). "US: BMW i3 Sales Down 70% In 2020". InsideEVs. Retrieved 20 March 2022. U.S. sales totaled 1,508 i3 units in 2020, down from 4,980 in 2019.
  179. ^ Ståle Frydenlund (2 January 2014). "7.882 nye elbiler registrert i 2013" [7882 new electric cars registered in 2013] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  180. ^ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2015). "CO2-utslippet i desember 2014" [CO2 emissions in December 2014] (in Norwegian). OFV. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015. See graph: Gjennomsnittlig CO2-utslipp for registrerte ney personbiler per modell 2014, til og med desember. A total of 2,040 BMW i3s were registered in Norway in 2014.
  181. ^ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2016). "Bilsalget i 2015" [Car sales in 2015] (in Norwegian). OFV. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016. A total of 2,403 new i3s, including the REx variant, were registered in Norway in 2015.
  182. ^ Opplysningsrådet for Veitrafikken AS (OFV). "Bilsalget i 2017" [Car sales in 2017] (in Norwegian). OFV. Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018. Registrations of new i3 cars in Norway, including the REx variant, totaled 3,953 units in 2016 and 5,036 in 2017.
  183. ^ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (2 January 2019). "Bilsalget i 2018" [Car sales in 2018] (in Norwegian). OFV. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019. Registrations of new i3 cars in Norway, including the REx variant, totaled 5,687 units in 2018
  184. ^ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2020). "OFV Registreringsstatistikk" [OFV Registration Statistics] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 13 June 2020. To access the sales ranking by model choose "Modell" and the tabs "2019" and "Desember" – Registrations of new i3 cars in Norway, including the REx variant, totaled 4,851 units in 2019
  185. ^ "BMW Group UK reports 2019 sales" (Press release). London: BMW Group. 6 January 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020. BMW i3 sales totaled over 4,300 units in 2019, up 27% from 2018 (~3,386 in 2018).
  186. ^ "Pioneering BMW i3 and BMW i3s pricing realigned in the UK" (Press release). BMW Press Club United Kingdom. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2022. The BMW i3 has been a runaway success since its UK market launch in 2013. With sales growing exponentially, over 22,000 examples are now on British roads.
  187. ^ Automobile Propre. "Chiffres de vente & immatriculations de voitures électriques en France" [Sales figures & electric car registrations in France] (in French). Automobile Propre. Retrieved 1 February 2015. See "Ventes de voitures électriques" for 2013 registrations. REx variant registrations are not included.
  188. ^ AVERE-France (5 January 2015). "Le marché du véhicule électrique maintient sa progression en 2014" [The electric vehicle market continues to grow in 2014] (in French). AVERE France. Archived from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2016. See graph with top 5 models in 2014: A total of 607 i3s were registered in France during 2014 including REx models.
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  191. ^ France Mobilité Électrique – AVERE France (9 January 2018). "Près de 31 000 véhicules électriques immatriculés en France en 2017 !" [Nearly 31,000 electric vehicles registered in France in 2017!] (in French). AVERE. Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  192. ^ France Mobilité Électrique – AVERE France (9 January 2019). "Baromètre annuel: près de 40 000 véhicules électriques immatriculés en France en 2018 !" [Annual barometer: nearly 40,000 electric vehicles registered in France in 2018!] (in French). AVERE. Archived from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  193. ^ "Nouveaux records de vente des modèles électrifiés du BMW Group en 2019. BMW Group France confirme sa position de leader du segment automobile Premium" [New sales records for electrified BMW Group models in 2019. BMW Group France confirms its position as leader in the Premium automotive segment] (Press release) (in French). Paris: BMW Group. 9 January 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020. The BMW i3 confirms its success story, with 22.4% growth to 2,956 units delivered.
  194. ^ Automobile Propre. "Chiffres de vente & immatriculations de voitures électriques en France" [Sales figures & electric car registrations in France] (in French). Automobile Propre. Retrieved 22 March 2022. See "Ventes de voitures électriques en 2020" (1,727) and "Ventes de voitures électriques en 2021" (1,678).
  195. ^ RAI (24 January 2014). "Verkoopstatistieken – Meer marktinformatie" [Sales Statistics – More Market Information] (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014. Download pdf file for detailed sales in 2013 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201312").
  196. ^ RAI (27 January 2015). "Verkoopstatistieken" [Sales Statistics] (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2015. Download the pdf file for detailed sales by model during 2014: "nieuwverkoop personenautos 201412 Archived 1 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine".
  197. ^ RAI (January 2016). "Nieuwverkoop Personenautos Per Merk/Model" [New passenger cars sales by brand/model 2015/12 2015 toal] (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2016. A total of 574 i3s were sold in the Netherlands in 2015".
  198. ^ RAI Vereniging (22 January 2018). "Maandelijkse verkoopcijfers" [Monthly sales figures] (in Dutch). RAI. Retrieved 6 February 2018. Download the XLS file "Personenauto's maandrapportage nieuwverkopen 2017" – A total of 881 i3 cars were sold in the Netherlands in 2017."
  199. ^ RAI Vereniging (7 January 2019). "Maandelijkse verkoopcijfers" [Monthly sales figures] (in Dutch). RAI. Retrieved 14 January 2019. Download the XLS file "Personenauto's maandrapportage nieuwverkopen 2018" – A total of 1,613 i3 cars were sold in the Netherlands in 2018."
  200. ^ RAI Vereniging (3 February 2020). "Verkoopcijfers 2019" [Sales figures 2019] (in Dutch). RAI. Retrieved 13 June 2020. Download the XLS file "Personenauto's maandelijkse nieuwverkopen 2019" – A total of 2,860 i3 cars were sold in the Netherlands in 2019."
  201. ^ RAI Vereniging. "Verkoopcijfers 2020" [Sales figures 2020] (in Dutch). RAI. Retrieved 24 March 2022. Download the XLS file "personenautos-nieuwverkopen-maandrapportage-2020" – A total of 1,220 i3 cars were sold in the Netherlands in 2020."
  202. ^ Vereinigung Schweizer Automobil-Importeure. "Autoverkäufe nach Modellen – Modellstatistik" [Passenger cars by model – Statistics by model] (in German). Auto Schweiz Suisse. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016. Under "Modellstatistiken 2010–2015" click "2015 Statistik" to download the file "ModellePW2015" with sales by model for 2015; "2014 Statistik" to download the file "ModellePW2014" with sales by model for 2014; and "2013 Statistik" to download the file "ModellePW2013" with sales by model for 2013.
  203. ^ Vereinigung Schweizer Automobil-Importeure. "Autoverkäufe nach Modellen – Modellstatistik" [Passenger cars by model – Statistics by model] (in German). Auto Schweiz Suisse. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020. Under "Modellstatistiken 2013–2018" download the xls file "ModellePW2018" for 2018, "Modellstatistik Januar – Dezember 2017" for 2017 sales, "ModellePW2016" for 2016 sales, "ModellePW2015" with sales by model for 2015, "2014 Statistik" to download the file "ModellePW2014" with sales by model for 2014, and "2013 Statistik" to download the file "ModellePW2013" with sales by model for 2013.
  204. ^ Auto Schweiz Suisse (10 January 2020). "Zulassungen neuer Personenwagen nach Modellen" [New car registrations by model] (in German). Auto Schweiz Suisse. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020. Under "Modellstatistik 2019" download the xls file "ModellePW2019" for 2019 sales
  205. ^ Auto Schweiz Suisse (5 January 2021). "Statistiken: Zulassungen neuer Personenwagen nach Modellen" [Statistics: New car registrations by model] (in German). Auto Schweiz Suisse. Retrieved 24 March 2022. Click the link 2020" to download the xls file "ModellePW2020" for full 2020 sales by model
  206. ^ Auto Schweiz Suisse (2 January 2022). "Statistiken: Zulassungen neuer Personenwagen nach Modellen" [Statistics: New car registrations by model] (in German). Auto Schweiz Suisse. Retrieved 24 March 2022. Click the link 2021" to download the xls file "ModellePW2021" for full 2021 sales by model
  207. ^ Bil Sweden (2 January 2015). "Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)" [New registrations in December 2014 (preliminar)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015. Download file "Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)" see tables: "Nyregistrerade supermiljöbilar december 2014" with summary of plug-in passenger car registrations by model for 2013 (revised) and 2014.
  208. ^ Bil Sweden (4 January 2016). "Nyregistreringar december 2015 def" [New Registrations December 2015 (final)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016. Download the pdf file "Nyregistreringar december 2015 def" See table: Nyregistrerade miljöpersonbilar december 2015
  209. ^ Bil Sweden (8 January 2018). "Definitiva nyregistreringar under 2017" [Definitive new registrations in 2017] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 31 January 2018. Download the pdf file "PressRel1712_DEF.pdf" See table "Nyregistrerade supermiljöbilar december 2017" – A total of 500 units of both variants were sold in 2016 and 545 in 2017.
  210. ^ Bil Sweden (7 January 2019). "Nyregistreringar december 2018 (def)" [Definitive new registrations December 2018 (final)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2 February 2019. Download the pdf file "PressRel1812_DEF.pdf" See table: "Nyregistrerade laddbara personbilar december 2018"
  211. ^ Bil Sweden (7 January 2020). "Nyregistreringar december 2019 (def)" [New registrations December 2019 (definitive)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020. Download the pdf file "PressRel1912_DEF.pdf" See table: "Nyregistrerade laddbara personbilar december 2019"
  212. ^ Bil Sweden (7 January 2022). "Definitiva nyregistreringar under 2021 – december 2021" [Definitive new registrations in 2021 – December 2021] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 22 March 2022. Download the XLSX file "Laddbara personbilar december 2021_DEF.xlsx" A total of 769 i3 cars were registered in 2020 and 923 in 2021.
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  217. ^ "Datos de Mercado: Diciembre 2014 – Matriculaciones" [Market data: December 2014 – Registrations]. Asociación Nacional de Importadores de Automóviles, Camiones, Autobuses y Motocicletas (ANIACAM) (in Spanish). January 2015. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015. Download the file "DossierAutomóviles_diciembre14.xls (929KB)*" with current month and cumulative sales for full year 2014.
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