Baengnyeongdo (Korean: 백령도; Korean pronunciation: [pɛŋnjʌŋdo]), sometimes Baekryeong Island, is an island in Ongjin County, Incheon, South Korea. It is an inhabited island located near the Northern Limit Line, and is closer to North Korea than it is to the South.[1]
.jpg) Part of the island (2013) | |
 | |
| Geography | |
|---|---|
| Location | Ongjin County, Incheon, South Korea |
| Coordinates | 37°58′N 124°39′E / 37.967°N 124.650°E |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 백령도 |
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Baengnyeongdo |
| McCune–Reischauer | Paengnyŏngdo |
Since the 1945 division of Korea, the island has remained under South Korean control. This was affirmed by the 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement which ended the Korean War.[2] Since then, the island has hosted both North Korean defectors and skirmishes between the two countries.[3]
The island is now a popular tourist destination, and is known for its scenic cliffs and beaches. It has three Natural Monuments of South Korea.[1]
Toponymy
editThe island's name means "white wing island".[1]
There is an origin legend surrounding the name. A man and a woman lived in a village in the nearby Hwanghae Province. The two fell in love, but when the woman's father found out about the romance, she was exiled to Baengnyeongdo. Distressed, the man attempted in vain to locate her. One day, the man dreamed that a white crane gave him a piece of paper. The man then awoke to find that he actually did have a paper with the woman's address on it. He then set out to the island, whereupon he found her at the address. The two then lived happily ever after. The island was then dubbed Baekakdo (백학도; lit. white crane island); the name eventually became Baengnyeongdo.[1]
Description
editThe island is a popular tourist attraction, and has three Natural Monuments of South Korea.[1]
Dumujin Coast is a quartzite cliff about 50 m (160 ft) tall, off the coast of the island. It was carved by erosion from the waves, wind, and rain. The site has long been considered beautiful and scenic, with a 1612 record describing it as seeming like it was carved by the gods.[4]
The beach at Sagot Cape is a sandy beach on the island that is 4 km (2.5 miles) long. At low tide, the exposed surface is considered to have such fine-grained sand with sufficient firmness to serve as a natural runway.[5]
Kongdol Beach is a beach with round, smooth multi-colored pebbles. The pebbles are said to resemble beans (the beach's name literally means "bean rock"), and are made of quartzite. They are likely fragments of the nearby quartzite cliffs that have been rounded by erosion over time.[6]
-
Dumujin Coast -
Beach at Sagot Cape -
Kongdol Beach
Geography
editBaengnyeongdo is located closer to North Korea than it is to the South. It is 191.4 km (118.9 mi) northwest of Incheon, on the South Korean mainland. It has an area of 46.3 km2 (17.9 sq mi) and a coastline of 52.4 km (32.6 mi). It is South Korea's 14th largest island.[1]
The island was once connected to the mainland as part of a peninsula during the Last Glacial Period. The current portion remained above water after sea levels rose.[1]
The island does not have significant rivers; these only form during the summer monsoon season. The coast of the island is rocky, and there are tidal flats on the southeastern coast.[1]
Changsan Cape in Ryongyon, North Korea, can be seen from Baengnyeong on clear days.
Environment
editThe area is also rich in oceanic fauna and bird diversity. The Chinese egret, which is considered to be one of the fifty rarest birds in the world, can be found here. The area hosts a nature reserve for spotted seals,[7] and they can be observed on the rocks and beaches.[8] Seals occasionally attract predators such as the great white shark into the area.[9][10] Finless porpoisees also live nearby.[11] The Incheon Coast Guard has been investigating illegal whaling targeting minke whales in the area.[12][13][14]
History
editIn 1895, the island was placed under an administrative district called Baengnyeong-myeon with 17 subdivisions. In 1914, its subdivisions were consolidated into 7. In 1945, it was incorporated into Ongjin County and made part of Gyeonggi Province.[1]
Korean War
edit
A: United Nations Command-created Northern Limit Line, 1953[16]
B: North Korea-declared "Inter-Korean MDL", 1999[17] The locations of specific islands are reflected in the configuration of each maritime boundary, including
- Yeonpyeong Island
- Baengnyeong Island
- Daecheong Island
During the Korean War, the USAF designated the airfield on Paengyong-do as K-53.[citation needed] The island was defended by the West Coast Island Defense Task Unit composed of men of the 2d Korean Marine Corps Regiment under the direction of US Marines.[18] During the war, North Korean refugees settled on the island.[1]
On August 16, 1950, a Lockheed P2V-3 Neptune of the US Navy (122940) was ditched 9.7 km (6.1 miles) W of here after being hit by AAA fire and catching fire while attacking an enemy vessel near Chinnampo. All 9 occupants survived and were rescued by HMS Kenya. Following this incident, all patrol aircraft were excluded from attack missions in Korea.[19]
In April 1951 Paengyong-do was used as a staging base for a mission to recover wreckage of a downed Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 near the Chongchon River. On 17 April 1951 a USAF Sikorsky H-19 carried a US/South Korean team to the crash site and they photographed the wreck and removed the turbine blades, combustion chamber, exhaust pipe and horizontal stabilizer. The overloaded helicopter then flew the team and samples back to Paengyong-do where they were transferred onto an SA-16 and flown south for evaluation.[20]
The USAF established a communications interception site on the island in mid-1951 which was used to intercept Chinese military communications.[21] In December 1951 two Sikorsky H-5s of the USAF 3d Air Rescue Squadron were based on the island and would forward deploy daily to Chodo Airport to operate search and rescue missions before being permanently deployed to Chodo in January 1952. The H-5s were later replaced by the more capable Sikorsky H-19, two of which were based at Chodo and one on Paengyong-do.[22]
On 12 November 1952 several aircraft, believed to be Po-2s, bombed the base in a night attack causing minimal damage.[23]
Post-war
editIn 1974, Daecheongdo and Socheongdo were split off into Daecheong-myeon. In 1995, Ongjin County was made part of Incheon Metropolitan City.[1]
In January 2010, an artillery duel between South Korean ships and North Korean land artillery occurred near Baengnyeong.[24][25]
March 2010 Baengnyeong incident
editThe South Korean naval vessel ROKS Cheonan sank near the island on 26 March 2010. The 1,200-ton vessel broke in two pieces, with nearly half the crew dying (mainly in the stern section) and a little more than half surviving (mainly in the bow section). A multinational investigation concluded that a North Korean torpedo struck the ship[26] although this conclusion has been challenged by others.[27]
Climate
editThe climate of Baengnyeongdo is a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen: Dwa), with precipitation mainly concentrated from May to September.
- Highest Temperature: 33.5 °C (92.3 °F) on July 27, 2002
- Lowest Temperature: −17.4 °C (0.7 °F) on January 21, 2004
- Highest Daily Precipitation: 155.6 millimetres (6.13 in) on July 13, 2022
- Wettest Year: 1,258.4 millimetres (49.54 in) in 2020[28]
| Climate data for Baengnyeongdo (2001–2020 normals, extremes 2000–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 9.4 (48.9) |
15.5 (59.9) |
18.8 (65.8) |
23.7 (74.7) |
28.1 (82.6) |
30.0 (86.0) |
33.5 (92.3) |
33.2 (91.8) |
29.9 (85.8) |
25.6 (78.1) |
22.7 (72.9) |
14.6 (58.3) |
33.5 (92.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.2 (34.2) |
2.8 (37.0) |
7.1 (44.8) |
13.0 (55.4) |
18.7 (65.7) |
22.9 (73.2) |
25.4 (77.7) |
26.9 (80.4) |
23.5 (74.3) |
17.7 (63.9) |
10.6 (51.1) |
3.8 (38.8) |
14.5 (58.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.3 (29.7) |
0.0 (32.0) |
3.8 (38.8) |
9.1 (48.4) |
14.5 (58.1) |
19.0 (66.2) |
22.3 (72.1) |
23.8 (74.8) |
20.1 (68.2) |
14.7 (58.5) |
7.9 (46.2) |
1.2 (34.2) |
11.3 (52.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.4 (25.9) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
1.3 (34.3) |
6.0 (42.8) |
11.1 (52.0) |
16.1 (61.0) |
19.9 (67.8) |
21.5 (70.7) |
17.8 (64.0) |
12.3 (54.1) |
5.5 (41.9) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
8.7 (47.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −17.4 (0.7) |
−15.3 (4.5) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
0.5 (32.9) |
5.0 (41.0) |
7.3 (45.1) |
13.0 (55.4) |
14.1 (57.4) |
10.7 (51.3) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−11.3 (11.7) |
−17.4 (0.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 13.3 (0.52) |
17.4 (0.69) |
18.2 (0.72) |
47.5 (1.87) |
74.3 (2.93) |
72.0 (2.83) |
201.0 (7.91) |
158.5 (6.24) |
90.6 (3.57) |
31.0 (1.22) |
41.9 (1.65) |
21.6 (0.85) |
787.3 (31.00) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 7.4 | 4.8 | 5.3 | 6.9 | 8.1 | 10.0 | 13.9 | 11.1 | 6.7 | 5.0 | 8.5 | 9.9 | 97.6 |
| Average snowy days | 11.0 | 6.2 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 3.0 | 12.7 | 35.5 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 63.4 | 63.0 | 65.5 | 65.7 | 70.1 | 80.2 | 88.0 | 83.7 | 75.9 | 67.8 | 64.7 | 63.8 | 71.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 139.9 | 166.6 | 216.9 | 219.3 | 239.6 | 191.0 | 136.7 | 189.6 | 212.4 | 217.6 | 146.7 | 117.3 | 2,193.6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 43.3 | 54.3 | 53.9 | 53.0 | 51.4 | 38.6 | 28.6 | 40.8 | 54.5 | 60.6 | 49.3 | 37.9 | 46.8 |
| Source: Korea Meteorological Administration (percent sunshine 1981–2010)[29][28][30] | |||||||||||||
Religion
editOwing to the geographical location, Christianity went through Baengnyeong Island ahead of other Korean regions. After the Gabo Reform, Kim Seong-jin was exiled to this island, and the first church in Korea was established in 1896.[citation needed] There are ten churches on the island at the present time.[when?]
Neighboring islands
editTwo smaller islands nearby are Daecheong Island and the much smaller Socheong Island.
Gallery
edit-
Boats parked at the island (2013) -
Fields on the island (2013)
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.jpg)
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k 김, 주환, "백령도 (白翎島)", Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-06-15
- ^ "Text of the Korean War Armistice Agreement". FindLaw. 1953-07-27. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
- ^ [1] Archived January 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ 김, 수진, "백령도 두무진 (白翎島 頭武津)", Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-06-15
- ^ 김, 수진, "백령도 사곶의 사빈 (白翎島 사곶의 砂濱)", Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-06-15
- ^ 김, 수진; 김, 건유, "백령도 남포리의 콩돌해안 (白翎島 南浦里의 콩돌海岸)", Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-06-15
- ^ "멸종위기 물범, 왜 백령도로 올까". ecotopia.hani.co.kr.
- ^ (in Korean)한국의 섬 (Islands of Korea) Archived 2012-03-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "백상아리, 백령도서 물범 공격장면 국내 첫 포착 - 민중의소리". 19 August 2009.
- ^ "백상아리 물범 공격장면 첫 포착". Archived from the original on 2016-05-07.
- ^ "백령도 어부들의 친구 쇠돌고래".
- ^ "백령도 밍크고래 발견, 7.7m 초대형 크기 경악...가격대는?". www.newshankuk.com.
- ^ "인천해경, 대형 밍크고래 통발에 걸려 죽은 채 발견". 9 October 2011.
- ^ "백령도 밍크고래, 길이 7.7m 무게 4톤... '초대형 고래' 눈길 - 뉴스인사이드". 4 December 2017. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- ^ Ryoo, Moo Bong. (2009). "The Korean Armistice and the Islands," p. 13 or p. 21. Strategy research project at the U.S. Army War College; retrieved 26 Nov 2010.
- ^ "Factbox: What is the Korean Northern Limit Line?" Reuters (UK). November 23, 2010; retrieved 26 Nov 2010.
- ^ Van Dyke, Jon et al. "The North/South Korea Boundary Dispute in the Yellow (West) Sea," Marine Policy 27 (2003), 143-158; note that "Inter-Korean MDL" is cited because it comes from an academic source Archived 2012-03-09 at the Wayback Machine and the writers were particular enough to include in quotes as we present it. The broader point is that the maritime demarcation line here is NOT a formal extension of the Military Demarcation Line; compare "NLL—Controversial Sea Border Between S.Korea, DPRK, " People's Daily (PRC), November 21, 2002; retrieved 22 Dec 2010
- ^ Smith, Charles. U.S. Marines in the Korean War. Government Printing Office. p. 569. ISBN 9780160872518.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed P2V-3 Neptune 122940 Paeng Nylong-do". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ Werrell 2005, pp. 95–96.
- ^ Werrell 2005, p. 104.
- ^ Werrell 2005, p. 113.
- ^ Werrell 2005, p. 110.
- ^ N. Korea fires into western sea border. Yonhap. January 27, 2010.
- ^ Tang, Anne (January 29, 2010). "DPRK fires artillery again near disputed sea border: gov't". Xinhua. Archived from the original on February 2, 2010.
- ^ Barrowclough, Anne (20 May 2010). "'All out war' threatened over North Korea attack on warship Cheonan". The Times. London. Archived from the original on May 22, 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ Borowiec, Steven (2013-09-17). "South Korea: Film raises questions about Cheonan sinking". Index on Censorship. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
- ^ a b 순위값 - 구역별조회 (in Korean). Korea Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
- ^ "Climatological Normals of Korea (1991 ~ 2020)" (PDF) (in Korean). Korea Meteorological Administration. pp. II-21, II-22, II-456. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
- ^ "Climatological Normals of Korea" (PDF). Korea Meteorological Administration. 2011. p. 499 and 649. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
Sources
edit- Werrell, Kenneth (2005). Sabres over MiG Alley: the F-86 and the battle for air superiority in Korea. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781591149330.
Further reading
edit- Malcom and Martz, White Tigers: My Secret War in North Korea, Brassey's. 1996
External links
edit
Media related to Baengnyeong Island at Wikimedia Commons
Baengnyeong Island travel guide from Wikivoyage