Baga, or Barka, is a dialect cluster spoken by the Baga people of coastal Guinea. The name derives from the phrase bae raka Slaves trading place ( a mispronounced bae=Arabic for sellers and Raka= Arabic for slaves)and understood by the local as 'people of the seaside' outcast people. Most Baga are bilingual in the Mande language Susu, the official regional language. Two ethnically Baga communities, Sobané and Kaloum, are known to have abandoned their (unattested) language altogether in favour of Susu.
| Baga | |
|---|---|
| Barka | |
| Native to | Guinea |
| Ethnicity | Baga |
Native speakers | Koga: No data Sitemu: 40,000 (2018) Mandari: 4,000 (2011) Kaloum: Extinct by the 1950s Sobané: Extinct by the 1950s[1] |
Niger–Congo?
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:bgo – Kogabsp – Sitemubmd – Mandaribqf – Kaloum (spurious)bsv – Sobané (spurious) |
| Glottolog | temn1245 adds Temne & Landoma |
Varieties
editThe varieties as distinct enough to sometimes be considered different languages.[2] They are:
- Baga Koga (Koba)
- Baga Manduri (Maduri, Mandari)
- Baga Sitemu (Sitem, Sitemú, Stem Baga, Rio Pongo Baga)
The extinct Baga Kaloum and Baga Sobané peoples had spoken Koga and Sitemu, respectively.[3]
Neighboring Baga Pokur is not closely related.
Geographical distribution
editGeographical distribution of Baga varieties, listed from north to south, according to Fields-Black (2008:85):[4]
- Baga Mandori: coast of Guinea, north of the mouth of the Nunez River
- Baga Sitem: coast of Guinea, south of the mouth of the Nunez River
- Baga Kakissa: coast of Guinea, north of the mouth of the Pongo River
- Baga Koba: coast of Guinea, from south of the mouth of the Pongo River to north of the mouth of the Konkouré River
- Baga Kalum: Îles de Los and area surrounding Conakry
Geographical distribution and demographics of Baga varieties according to Wilson (2007), citing a 1997 colloquium talk at Lille by Erhard Voeltz:[5]
- Baga Manduri: spoken at Dobale, and very similar to Citɛm.
- Baga Sitemu (properly Citɛm): spoken in a cluster of villages on the Campaces River. This is the only vibrant Baga linguistic variety.
- Baga Sobane: only two known speakers in an isolated location.
- Baga Marara: spoken on three islands in the Rio Pongo. It is still being spoken by children.
- Baga Koba: spoken near Kaporo town only by elderly speakers over age 60. It is reportedly very similar to Baga Kaloum.
- Baga Kaloum: originally spoken in a quarter of what is now the Conakry area, and in the Îles de Los. It is close to Temne. Only spoken in a remote area now.
Noun Class Systems
editBaga has prefixes for eight noun classes:[2]
| Variety | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baga Maduri | o- or none | a- | a- | i- | kə- | da- | cə- | sə- |
| Bagu Sitemu | wi- or none | a- | a- | none | kə- | da- | cə- | sə- |
| Baga Koba | i- | a- | a- | ɛ- | kə- | da- | cə- | sə- |
Vocabulary
editBelow is a selection of basic vocabulary in Baga Maduri:[2]
- aceen - dog
- iceen - dogs
- alomp - fish
- asɔɔp - pig
- atɔf - earth, land
- daboomp da-ka-obɛ - the chief's head
- daboomp da-wana - the cow's head
- dafɔr - eye
- dasek - tooth
- isek - teeth
- gbak - hang
- kəca - hand, arm
- waca - hands, arms
- kufoon - hair
- mun - drink
- tafac - iron
- gbup - turn onto front
References
edit- ^ Koga at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Sitemu at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Mandari at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Kaloum (spurious) at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Sobané (spurious) at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ a b c W.A.A.Wilson, Temne, Landuma and the Baga Languages in: Sierra Leone Language Review, No. 1, 1962 published by Fourah Bay College, Freetown.
- ^ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
- ^ Fields-Black, Edda L. 2008. Deep Roots: Rice Farmers in West Africa and the African Diaspora. (Blacks in the Diaspora.) Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- ^ Wilson, William André Auquier. 2007. Guinea Languages of the Atlantic group: description and internal classification. (Schriften zur Afrikanistik, 12.) Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Further reading
edit- Houis, Maurice (1952) 'Remarques sur la voix passive en Baga', Notes Africaines, 91–92.
- Houis, Maurice (1953) 'Le système pronominal et les classes dans les dialectes Baga, i carte', Bulletin de l'IFAN, 15, 381–404.
- Mouser, Bruce L. (2002) 'Who and where were the Baga?: European perceptions from 1793 to 1821', History in Africa, 29, 337–364.