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Baháʼí Faith in Burundi

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Further information: Religion in Burundi
See also: History of Burundi

The Bahá’í Faith in Burundi begins after 1916 with a mention by ‘Abdu'l-Bahá, then head of the religion, that Bahá’ís should take the religion to the regions of Africa.[1] The first specific mention of Burundi (Urundi) was in May 1953 suggesting the expanding community of the Bahá’í Faith in Uganda look at sending Bahá’í pioneers to neighboring areas like Burundi as part of a specific plan of action.[2] The first settlers of the religion arrived in the region by June.[3] By 1963 there were three Bahá’í Local Spiritual Assemblies in Burundi-Ruanda.[4] Through succeeding organizations of the countries in the region, the National Spiritual Assembly of Burundi was first formed in 1969[5] but was successively dissolved and reformed a number of times - most recently reforming in 2011.[6] Even though the religion was banned for a time,[7] and the country torn by wars, the religion grew so that in 2005 the Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated just about 6,800 Baháʼís in Burundi.[8]

Early days

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ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's Tablets of the Divine Plan

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ʻAbdu'l-Bahá wrote a series of letters, or tablets, to the followers of the religion in the United States in 1916–1917; these letters were compiled together in the book titled Tablets of the Divine Plan. Three of the tablets mentioned taking the Baháʼí Faith to Africa, but was delayed in being presented in the United States until 1919 — after the end of World War I and the Spanish flu. These tablets were translated and presented by Mirza Ahmad Sohrab on April 4, 1919, and published in Star of the West magazine on December 12, 1919.[9] One tablet says in part:[1]

The intention of the teacher must be pure, his heart independent, his spirit attracted, his thought at peace, his resolution firm, his magnanimity exalted and in the love of God a shining torch. ... Consequently, a number of souls may arise … and hasten to all parts of the world, especially from America to Europe, Africa, Asia. 

[and also offers a prayer that begins]:

O God, my God! Thou seest how black darkness is enshrouding all regions, how all countries are burning with the flame of dissension, and the fire of war and carnage is blazing throughout the East and the West. Blood is flowing, corpses bestrew the ground, and severed heads are fallen on the dust of the battlefield. O Lord! Have pity ...

The first specific mention of "Urundi" was from a telegram of Shoghi Effendi in May 1953, while he was head of the religion, in which he is suggesting the expanding community of the Baháʼí Faith in Uganda and other areas look at sending pioneering Bahá’í to neighboring areas like Burundi during the campaign called the Ten Year Crusade[2] during the period when Burundi was part of Ruanda-Urundi.

Beginnings

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The first Baháʼí to travel through the region may have been Marthe Molitor c. 1947 after joining the religion in Belgium.[10] The first settlers of the religion arrived in the region by June[3] when Mary and Reginald (Rex) Collison of the United States and Dunduzu Chisiza, a young Baháʼí from Malawi (then Nyasaland), arrived in Ruanda-Urundi thus earning the title Knights of Baháʼu'lláh.[6] The first local Bahá’í in Rwanda was Selemani Bin Kimbulu.[6][11] The Collisons had moved from Uganda[3] and struggled with the limitation of being English-speakers in a country dominated by French.[12][13] By 1956–1957 there were some thirty Bahá’ís both native and pioneering noted in the region[14] and the area was organized under a regional national assembly of the Baháʼís of Central and East Africa[10] to which delegates were sent from Burundi.[15] The first Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Usumbura (later renamed Bujumbura), formed on April 21, 1957.[16] Native Baháʼís, about twenty in number,[6] maintained the assembly status through 1959 and were aided then to acquire a registration with local government and a local center for community activities.[17] Molisso Michel traveled through the region from Congo and was asked to speak to a significant audience in addition to a small tour of villages.[18] In 1960 there are notes of many conversions.[19]

Growth

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Wide-scale growth in the religion across Sub-Saharan Africa was observed to begin in the 1950s and extend in the 1960s.[20] In Burundi-Ruanda by 1963 there were three Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assemblies.[4] In these early days converts were among the nearby Congolese who had become Baháʼís in Rwanda and Burundi who moved back to their home provinces.[21] In 1966, Dr. and Mrs. Ta'eed of Iran arrived, along with Jackton Kayemba of Kenya, though Kayemba returned to Kenya in 1971.[22]

Hand of the Cause, the title of one serving in a position of international distinction in the religion, Enoch Olinga, represented the Universal House of Justice for the 1969 election of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Burundi and Rwanda[5] with its seat in Bujumbura.[23] With the independence of Burundi and Rwanda, the national assembly was reformed in 1972 for each country.[6] Hand of the Cause, Rúhíyyih Khanum visited Burundi around 1972–1973.[24]

Restricted and freedom

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See also: Allegations of Baháʼí involvement with other powers

However, as part of a sweep across several Sub-Saharan countries, the Baháʼí Faith was banned in the 1970s in several countries: Burundi, 1974; Mali 1976; Uganda, 1977; Congo,[specify] 1978; Niger, 1978.[7]

This was principally the result of a campaign by a number of Arab countries. Since these countries were also by this time providers of development aid, this overt attack on the Baha'is was supported by covert moves such as linking the aid money to a particular country to the action that it took against the Baha'is. This was partially successful and a number of countries did ban the Baha'is for a time. However, the Baha'is were able to demonstrate to these governments that they were not agents of Zionism nor anti-Islamic. ...[7]

While the national organization of the Baháʼís was disbanded local and regional administration continued. In 1980 the Baháʼí group of Gitega held a meeting with some 300 college students on the religion.[25] A Youth Institute, opportunities for intensive study of the Baháʼí Faith ranging from one day to several weeks, was held in nearby Zambia, which included Burundi youth completed a four-week course in 1994.[26]

American Cynthia Shepard Perry became a Baháʼí about 1969.[27] She eventually worked as an African American in foreign policy as she was the United States Ambassador to Burundi (1989–1993) during the first Bush administration[28] but she did not participate in formal Baháʼí activities due to her responsibilities.

The national organization later reformed in combination with Rwanda. In the face of the rising tensions of the Rwandan Civil War the national assembly of Burundi lapsed in 1994[29] followed by the Rwandan side in 1996.[30] Along the way, regional Baháʼí centers in Bubanza, Carama, and Cibitoke were destroyed.[6] However, the Burundi assembly was reformed in 2011[29][31] though its national presence was noted in 2003[32] and it had a national center in Nyakabiga, Bujumbura by 2004.[6]

Modern community

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Since its inception the religion has had involvement in socio-economic development beginning by giving greater freedom to women,[33] promulgating the promotion of female education as a priority concern,[34] and that involvement was given practical expression by creating schools, agricultural coops, and clinics.[33] The religion entered a new phase of activity when a message of the Universal House of Justice dated 20 October 1983 was released.[35] Baháʼís were urged to seek out ways, compatible with the Baháʼí teachings, in which they could become involved in the social and economic development of the communities in which they lived. Worldwide in 1979 there were 129 officially recognized Baháʼí socio-economic development projects. By 1987, the number of officially recognized development projects had increased to 1482. Since the genocide and war, the religion has been involved in resolving tribal tensions based on its teachings of principle of the oneness of humanity. However conditions in Burundi and neighboring areas were extremely violent: there was the 1993 ethnic violence in Burundi, and the Burundian Civil War among others. Despite this and the relatively small community a few activities were undertaken. A group of 149 Baháʼí youth from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda gathered at the national center in Burundi between 17 and 21 August 2006. They focused on the potential of youth to contribute to the positive transformation of their societies along these lines.[36] A government minister addressed the attendees and two radio journalists also did interviews. Regional conferences around the world were called for by the Universal House of Justice 20 October 2008 to celebrate recent achievements in grassroots community-building and to plan their next steps in organizing in their home areas.[37] The closest one to Burundi was in Uvira and some 13 people were able to make it from Burundi despite persistent regional violence.[38]

Pascal Akimana grew up in Burundi under extreme violent conditions, both within his family and out. He provides an historical perspective on the situation both in Burundi and Rwanda in a podcast interview done in 2011.[39]

Demographics

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The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) 2005 estimates just about 6,800 Baháʼís in Burundi.[8]

References

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  1. ^ a b ‘Abdu'l-Bahá (1991) [1916-17]. Tablets of the Divine Plan. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá’í Publishing Trust. pp. 40–42. ISBN 0-87743-233-3.
  2. ^ a b Effendi, Shoghi (1981). The Unfolding Destiny of the British Baha'i Community. London, UK: Baha'i Publishing Trust. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-900125-43-0.
  3. ^ a b c "US Africa Committee". Baháʼí News. No. 271. September 1953. p. 13.
  4. ^ a b Compiled by Hands of the Cause Residing in the Holy Land. "The Baháʼí Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Bahá'í Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963". p. 110.
  5. ^ a b Universal House of Justice (1986). In Memoriam. Vol. XVIII. Baháʼí World Centre. p. 629. ISBN 0-85398-234-1. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Baháʼí International Community (2005-02-02). "Spiritual solace in a recovering land". Baháʼí World News Service.
  7. ^ a b c Smith, Peter; Momen, Moojan (1989). "The Baha'i Faith 1957-1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments". Religion. 19 (1): 63–91. doi:10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8.
  8. ^ a b "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Archived from the original on 2010-04-14. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
  9. ^ ʻAbbas, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (April 1919). Tablets, Instructions and Words of Explanation. Mirza Ahmad Sohrab (trans. and comments).
  10. ^ a b Hassall, Graham. "Baháʼí Communities by Country: Research Notes". Asia Pacific Baháʼí Studies. Baháʼí Library Online. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
  11. ^ Caption: The first Baha’i of Burundi
  12. ^ "US Africa Committee". Baháʼí News. No. 281. July 1954. p. 6.
  13. ^ "Central African Republic". Baháʼí News. No. 630. September 1983. pp. 12–13.
  14. ^ Effendi, Shoghi (1971). Messages to the Baháʼí World, 1950-1957. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 113. ISBN 0-87743-036-5.
  15. ^ "Kampala Convention Elects Regional National Assembly of Central and East Africa". Baháʼí News. No. 305. July 1956. p. 7.
  16. ^ "Newly Established Local Assemblies, Formed". Baháʼí News. No. 330. August 1958. p. 7.
  17. ^ "Usumbura Secures Official Recognition". Baháʼí News. No. 339. May 1959. p. 8.
  18. ^ "Teacher Promulgates Faith in Belgian Congo". Baháʼí News. No. 349. March 1960. p. 9.
  19. ^ "New Victories Announced at World Center". Baháʼí News. No. 354. September 1960. p. 9.
  20. ^ "Overview Of World Religions". General Essay on the Religions of Sub-Saharan Africa. Division of Religion and Philosophy, University of Cumbria. Archived from the original on 2007-12-09. Retrieved 2013-05-04.
  21. ^ Baháʼí International Community (2003-09-06). "Double cause for celebrations". Baháʼí International News Service.
  22. ^ "Rwanda Holds First National Convention and Election". Baháʼí News. No. 499. November 1972. p. 9.
  23. ^ House of Justice, Universal (1969). "Ridván Letter, 1969". Ridvan Messages from the Universal House of Justice. Baháʼí Library Online. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
  24. ^ Nakhjavani, Violette (December 1973). "The End of the Great Safari". Baháʼí News. No. 513. pp. 17–21.
  25. ^ "Burundi". Baháʼí News. No. 593. August 1980. p. 16.
  26. ^ "Baháʼí Youth: "A New Kind of People"". This article appeared in the 1994-1995 edition of The Baháʼí World. Baháʼí International Community. 1996. pp. 167–190. Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2013-05-04.
  27. ^ Cynthia Shepard Perry (21 December 1998). All Things Being Equal: One Woman's Journey. Stonecrest International Publishers. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-9675571-0-6. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  28. ^ "information on Cynthia Shepard Perry". Council of American Ambassadors Membership. 2004. Archived from the original on 2010-12-11. Retrieved 2013-05-04.
  29. ^ a b Burundi elects national Baha'i assembly after 17 years, 11 May 2011
  30. ^ House of Justice, Universal (1996). "Ridván Letter, 1996". Ridvan Messages from the Universal House of Justice. Baháʼí Library Online. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
  31. ^ the new National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Burundi
  32. ^ Taylor & Francis Group (2003). The Europa World Year Book 2003. Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 934–. ISBN 9781857432275. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  33. ^ a b Momen, Moojan. "History of the Baha'i Faith in Iran". Draft "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith". Bahai-library.com. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  34. ^ Kingdon, Geeta Gandhi (1997). "Education of women and socio-economic development". Baháʼí Studies Review. 7 (1).
  35. ^ Momen, Moojan; Smith, Peter (1989). "The Baha'i Faith 1957–1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments". Religion. 19 (1): 63–91. doi:10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8.
  36. ^ "Youth conference in Burundi focuses on social transformation". One Country. 18 (2). Baháʼí International Community. July–September 2006. Retrieved 2013-05-04.
  37. ^ "Regional Conferences of the Five Year Plan". Baháʼí International News Service. March 2009.
  38. ^ "The Uvira Regional Conference". Regional Conferences of the Five Year Plan. Baháʼí International Community. 15–16 November 2008.
  39. ^ Warren Odess-Gillet (21 Aug 2011). ""Pascal Akimana". A Baha'i Perspective. Season 2011. Bahaicommunity.org. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
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