The strike in Baixa do Cassange (Portuguese: Greve da Baixa do Cassange), also called Mariano's revolt and Maria's war, was a labor strike that is considered the first political movement that would trigger the Angolan War of Independence exactly one month later and the Portuguese Colonial War over the next three years in the Portuguese overseas provinces. The uprising began on 4 January 1961 in the region of Baixa do Cassanje, district of Malanje, Portuguese Angola. By the following day, the Portuguese authorities had successfully suppressed the revolt.[1][failed verification] 4 January is now Colonial Martyrs Repression Day (Dia dos Mártires da Repressão Colonial), a national holiday in Angola.[2]
Revolts
edit3 January
editOn 3 January 1961, agricultural workers employed by Cotonang, a Portuguese-Belgian cotton plantation company, staged a protest demanding improved working conditions.[1] The protest, which later became known as the Baixa de Cassanje revolt, was led by two previously unknown Angolans, António Mariano and Kulu-Xingu.[3] During the protest, the Angolan workers burned their identification cards and physically attacked Portuguese traders on the company premises. The protest led to a general uprising, which Portuguese authorities responded to with an air raid the following day on twenty villages in the area, killing large numbers of villagers. While the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) claimed that the air raid killed some ten thousand people, most estimates range from 400 to as many as 7,000 killed.[4][5] Colonial Martyrs Repression Day is commemorated each year with a public holiday on 4 January.[6][7]
15 March
editOn 15 March, two months later, the União das Populações de Angola (UPA), led by Holden Roberto, staged a popular revolt in the Bakongo region of northern Angola. Angolan Bantu farmers and coffee-plantation workers joined the uprising and, in a frenzy of rage, killed some 1,000 white Angolans in a few days, together with an unknown number of natives.[8] The rioters burned plantations, bridges, government facilities, and police stations, and destroyed several barges and ferries.[8] Graphic images of raped and mutilated settlers inflamed the Portuguese public, and the Portuguese Army instituted a counter-insurgency campaign that destroyed dozens of villages and killed some 20,000 people before the uprising was put down in September 1961.[8][9]
References
edit- ^ a b Manuel Jerónimo (2008). "Angola: "Baixa De Kassanje" Massacre Turns 47 Years". Angola Press Agency via allAfrica. Retrieved 5 January 2008.
- ^ "Angolans celebrate Colonial Martyrs Repression Day". Agênica Angola Press. 4 January 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
- ^ George, Edward, The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991, New York: Frank Cass Publishing Co., ISBN 0-415-35015-8 (2005), p. 9
- ^ Wright, George, The Destruction of a Nation: United States' Policy Towards Angola Since 1945, Pluto Press, ISBN 0-7453-1029-X, 9780745310299 (1997), pp. 5–6
- ^ George, Edward, The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991, New York: Frank Cass Publishing Co., ISBN 0-415-35015-8 (2005) p. 9: Some sources state as many as 7,000 Angolans were killed in the air raids.
- ^ "Business Practices in Angola". Lloyds Bank. December 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- ^ James, W.M. (2018). Historical Dictionary of Angola. Historical Dictionaries of Africa. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 39–40. ISBN 978-1-5381-1123-9. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- ^ a b c George, Edward, The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991, New York: Frank Cass Publishing Co., ISBN 0-415-35015-8 (2005) pp. 9–10
- ^ Walker, Frederick, A Certain Curve of Horn: The Hundred-Year Quest for the Giant Sable Antelope of Angola, New York: Grove Press, ISBN 0-8021-4068-8 (2004), p. 143: Commenting on the incursion, Roberto said, "This time the slaves did not cower. They massacred everything."