Varia Kipiani

Barbare "Varia" Kipiani (Georgian: ბარბარე "ვარია" ყიფიანი; 4 February 1879 – 1950-1965) was the first Georgian trained as a psychophysiologist and is recognized as a pioneering woman scholar of Georgia. Born into a noble family, Kipiani and her sisters were raised by her father after her parents' divorce. After graduating from St. Nino's School in Tbilisi in 1899, she taught in a school in Khoni for two years. Moving to Belgium, where her father had relocated, she entered the medical faculty of the Free University of Brussels in 1902. Unable to afford her tuition, Kipiani was mentored by Polish academic, Józefa Joteyko, who paid her school fees and allowed her to work in a laboratory. She wrote a paper titled "L'ergographie du sucre" ("The Ergography of Sugar"), which evaluated the use of sugar in alleviating fatigue. Her study won a silver medal from the Association des chimistes de France et des colonies ('Association of Chemists of France and the Colonies') in 1906. After completing her coursework in the medical faculty in 1907, Kipiani lectured at various universities and continued research with Joteyko on nutrition and fatigue. They jointly were awarded the Vernois Prize of the French Académie Nationale de Médecine in 1908 for their work on vegetarianism.

Varia Kipiani
Kipiani in 1913
Born	Barbare Kipiani (1879-02-04)4 February 1879 Kutaisi, Caucasus Viceroyalty, Russian Empire
Died	1965 (aged 85–86) Brussels, Belgium
Other names	Varia Kipiani-Eristavi
Occupation(s)	Scientist, academic

Impacted by biases against women scientists, the two women shifted their career studies toward child development, focusing on the emerging field of paedology. They studied various aspects of memorization and the senses, attempting to develop teaching methods that could improve society. In 1910, Kipiani received the Valentin Haily Medal at the Congrès des Typhlophiles ('congress to benefit the blind') in Paris for two papers she wrote about educating blind students. Among other studies, she published works on sensory psychology, the use of both muscles and vision in learning to write, auditory versus visual learning, and tropism. She was a proponent of teaching students to be ambidextrous and to use physical exercise to create bilateral symmetry in the body. Her works on ambidexterity argued that training both the dominant and weaker sides of the body would enhance motor and intellectual capacity and allow quicker recovery if one side of the body or brain was damaged. At the end of World War I, Kipiani briefly returned to Georgia, but when the Russian Red Army invaded the country, she moved back to Belgium. As paedology did not survive as a field of scientific study, upon her return to Brussels, Kipiani taught French and Russian at the University of Brussels.

In addition to her scientific work, Kipiani was one of the Georgian exiles who worked to preserve Georgian culture. Between 1910 and 1913, she curated and directed the collection of Georgian historical and ethnographic artifacts for the Palais Mondial ('World Palace'). The museum was founded by the Union of International Associations as a repository for collecting the world's knowledge. She also was responsible for preserving some of the estate of Salome Dadiani and her husband Prince Achille Murat as significant Georgian heritage. Although mainly forgotten after her death, 21st-century academics have begun to reevaluate her role in promoting vegetarianism in Belgium and France at the turn of the 20th century and her contributions to protecting Georgian culture.

Early life and education

House of Dimitri Kipiani, where Varia was raised, in Kvishkheti, as of 2016

Barbara Kipiani, known as Varia, was born on 4 February 1879 in Kutaisi, in the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, to Anastasia Eristavi and Nikoloz Kipiani. Ketevan the Martyr was an ancestor of her mother and her father was the oldest son of Dimitri Kipiani, a Georgian nobleman, scholar, statesman, and proponent of protecting Georgian culture from Russification. Kipiani grew up on her grandfather's estate near Kvishkheti, but when her parents divorced, she and her older sisters, Elisabet "Veta" and Nino, went with their father in 1883 to Batumi, where he was working in the judiciary system. Their brother remained with their mother after the divorce. Her grandfather was exiled to Stavropol in 1886 and assassinated the following year. The shock of his father's death caused health problems for Nikoloz, who moved abroad in 1890 to seek treatment, leaving his daughters in Tbilisi to attend St. Nino's School. He lived in France, Holland, Italy and Switzerland before settling in Belgium in 1895 and becoming the chair of Russian language studies at the Free University of Brussels. Kipiani attended St. Nino's School under a national scholarship program and graduated with honors in 1899.

Career

First Belgian period (1902–1919)

After graduating, Kipiani taught at the St. Mary's School in Khoni until 1901, when she decided to join her father in Belgium. She enrolled in the medical faculty at the University of Brussels in 1902. Within two years, Kipiani was expelled because of an inability to pay her tuition. After making a presentation which was well-received at the Sixth International Congress of Physiologists held in Brussels in 1904, the Polish scientist Józefa Joteyko invited Kipiani to work in her laboratory at the Solvay Institute of Physiology and paid for her tuition. The laboratory focused on studying physiology, and specifically those functions that provided power to living organisms. Kipiani began studying how sugar could be used to combat fatigue. At the time, Armand Gautier in Paris and Auguste Slosse in Brussels were studying the diets of workers in their respective cities to evaluate whether the nutritional level of the population was adequate to maintain the level of their industrial activities. Her aim in conducting the studies was to contribute to the understanding of how nutrition and physiology could be applied to improving society. Findings on a study promoting vegetarianism sparked international discussion in newspapers, like The New York Times, women's magazines such as, Life & Health, and a book, Good Health and How We Won It by Upton Sinclair. Kipiani completed her studies in the medical faculty and graduated in 1907.

Kipiani became involved in protests in Brussels, sparked by the 1905 Russian Revolution and aimed at the Russian tsar and ruling class. As a means of furthering knowledge about Georgia and its culture, she began collecting Georgian art and cultural artifacts throughout Europe. With other Georgian students, in 1908 she performed at the Diamont Palace in an evening event which featured Georgian literature, music, and dancing. The students performed in various segments offering glimpses of Georgian culture. They acted in a drama, recited poetry, sang, and danced traditional dances in national costumes. In 1910, she attended the Congrès mondial des Associations Internationales ('World Congress of International Associations'), where it was proposed that the Palais Mondial ('World Palace') be established as a central repository for the world's knowledge. The original plan was to utilize one of the buildings from the Brussels International Exposition, but a new location had to be found after fire destroyed several sections of the exposition site. Kipiani curated and directed the collection of Georgian historical and ethnographic artifacts for the Palais Mondial, now known as the Mundaneum. She wrote to organizations in Georgia encouraging them to send books, pictures, or other items that could be added to the exhibit in order to improve exposure to Georgian achievements in education and technology. In 1913, when the collection was installed, she wrote to Giorgi Kereselidze, one of the leaders of the Georgian independence movement, urging him to print at least 100 copies of a flyer to publicize the collection to members of the Georgian diaspora.

Józefa Joteyko (seated) and Varia Kipiani, 1910

In 1908, Joteyko founded and became editor of the Revue Psychologique, a journal which explored developments in the field of psychology from a scientific and educational perspective. Kipiani was hired as its executive secretary. She published several articles in the journal between 1908 and 1914, as well as various studies examining muscle memory, the adaptive multi-sensory practices of people with limited or no vision, vegetarianism, and ambidexterity. Kipiani lectured on psychophysiology and psychology at various universities, including her alma mater, the University of Liège and the University of Paris. In 1911, she worked as a laboratory assistant to Joteyko who that year founded and developed the curricula for the International Paedological Faculty of Brussels. The goal of this facility was to scientifically study children and their development to improve educational methods for the benefit of society as a whole. She also taught a course for the faculty in paedology practices, conducting laboratory studies on children's development. Paedology was an emerging science at the time, and the researchers of the International Paedological Faculty attempted to examine childhood development from both a physiological and psychological view as a basis for improving education. By 1913, Kipiani had been awarded medals by several learned societies and become a laureate of the Académie Nationale de Médecine in Paris. She was one of the invited speakers who participated in the Fourth Vegetarian Congress, held in The Hague in 1913. The following year, with the onset of World War I, all of the major universities in Belgium were closed. Joteyko left the country in 1915.

Return to Georgia (1919–1921)

Around 1919, Kipiani returned to Georgia. She taught French courses at the Georgian Nobles Gymnasium and the 5th Women's Gymnasium, both in Tbilisi. She also served as an assistant to Akaki Shanidze, the leading Georgian linguist and philologist, who had been one of the founders of Tbilisi State University, the previous year. Kipiani, who spoke Georgian, Russian, and French, assisted Shanidze in his work at the university library. In 1921, the Russian Red Army invaded Georgia. In the wake of the establishment of a pro-Russian government, opposition figures were suppressed through a Red Terror campaign. Kipiani was one of the targets of the state-sponsored political repression and fled the country, returning to Belgium.

Second Belgian period (1921–1950)

According to the academic Marc Depaepe, the goals of Belgian scientists in developing the field of paedology were not realized. Although they were at the center of the movement to ground education and teaching on scientific methodology, rather than philosophy, the field collapsed at the end of World War I primarily because the behavior of children could not be reduced to scientific formulas that could be molded into determining social ideology. The Belgian government reorganized its higher education facilities in 1927, establishing for the first time standards for scientific research and the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (National Fund for Scientific Research) to coordinate those policies. By that time, Kipiani had earned her doctorate and was reported in the Australian Woman's Mirror as "Dr. Varia Kipiani-Eristavi, a distinguished professor at Brussels University". She had published works in French, German and Russian and her work had been recognized internationally. She taught Georgian and Russian language courses at the university.

Kipiani had become the guardian of the effects and archives of Salome Dadiani and her husband Prince Achille Murat. In 1940, following the onset of World War II, she began negotiations with Mikheil Tarkhnishvili, (also transliterated as Michael Tarchnisvili), a Georgian priest working in Munich, to secure a monastery in Rome to protect the items. She believed that Rome would offer safety for the cultural artifacts because of an international agreement to protect the city from the war. In 1941, Tarkhnishvili traveled to Belgium to secure the bequest of another Georgian émigré, Sofia Goghieli, who had died in Brussels. He returned with the donations to Berlin. Hoping to establish a Georgian Catholic college and learning center in Rome, Tarkhnishvili worked with Georgian émigrés associated with Nazi intelligence agents of AMT IV. The agents intended to install an intelligence-gathering network and radio station within the building. Tarkhnishvili, unaware of the Nazi plan, located the villa of publisher Salvatore di Carlo on the Via Alessandro Brisse in the Monteverde Nuovo neighborhood. He purchased the villa in 1943 with the bequeathed funds and supplemental monies provided by AMT IV operatives, which he was told came from a Georgian benefactor. When the collaborators attempted to recruit Tarkhnishvili, he refused to participate in their plans, which caused the Nazis to go ahead without his cooperation using a mole. Renovations were begun, papal approval for the Georgian college was granted, and students were recruited by operatives. Tarkhnishvili stored the Dadiani and Murat items in the villa. He also transferred the materials obtained from the Georgian Catholic Monastery in Constantinople to the facility. All but one of the students left having no actual interest in becoming priests. On 4 June 1944, Rome was liberated by Allied forces and all of the students as well as Tarkhnishvili were arrested when the partially-installed radio antenna was located at the villa. Tarkhnishvili was later released, but the Georgian college and monastery were abandoned.

Death

Several sources report that Kipiani died in 1965 and was buried in Brussels. The literary historian Vasil Chachanidze reported 1965 as her death year in 1974, but it was reported in 2021 that Rusudan Kobakhidze, director of the Museum of Georgian Emigration, proposed 1950 as Kipiani's likely year of death. Her personal archive was donated to the Georgian National Center of Manuscripts on 19 June 1965.

Scientific works

Nutritional studies and fatigue

Mosso's ergograph

Kipiani worked with Joteyko from 1903 on a series of studies evaluating sugar's use in alleviating fatigue. Though they recognized that sugar was not a complete food, their experiments were designed to isolate the roles of various nutrients in providing fuel for the body. They used a device created by Angelo Mosso known as an ergograph. One part of the device held the hand so that it was immobile and allowed the finger to be inserted into a tube which was attached to a stylus that recorded muscle contractions on a rotating cylinder. Attaching a weight to a finger on each hand, the subject repeatedly raised the weight until fatigue set in and the weight could no longer be lifted. The device recorded the declining ability to lift the weight, creating a fatigue curve. They tested both the right and left hands of subjects to measure the differences in their ability to operate the device. They later used this same device in their studies on vegetarianism.

Joteyko presented part of the findings to the Royal Society of Medical and Natural Sciences of Brussels in 1904. In 1905, Kipiani published additional information in issue 5 of the Bulletin de l'Académie royale de Belgique Classe des sciences (Bulletin of the Royal Academy of Belgium Science Classes) and a 172-page report, "L'ergographie du sucre" ("The Ergography of Sugar"). The study evaluated participants from military and sporting events who had become fatigued after strenuous activity and their ability to increase their mental or motor activity after consuming sugar. She noted that the impact of sugar was amplified if the participants had fasted for between three and four hours before its ingestion. A review by Walbaum in the Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie of 1906 noted that when Kipiani evaluated the case of fatigue during childbirth, she reported that ingesting sugar relieved fatigue of both striated abdominal muscles and uterine smooth muscles during birth and reduced the feeling of fatigue caused by nerve endings within the muscles. She noted that 25 grams of sugar dissolved in water or milk and given three times in half-hour intervals relieved fatigue within ten minutes without the toxic effects of wine or drugs. In a 1907 review for the Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie, Walbaum noted that Kipiani had also compared the body's reaction to cane versus fruit-based sugars. She argued that cane sugar was harder to digest and often created gastric irritation. In recognition of their work, Joteyko was awarded a gold medal, as head of the laboratory, and Kipiani a silver medal from the Association des chimistes de France et des colonies (Association of Chemists of France and the Colonies) in 1906.

In 1907, Kipiani and Joteyko began a collaboration on vegetarianism, to which they both adhered. Their paper, "Enquete Scientifique sur les Vegetariens de Bruxelles" ("Scientific Survey on Vegetarians in Brussels") examined the basic health benefits of vegetarianism, concluding that the overall strength and endurance of people who followed a meat-free diet was superior. A review by Irving Fisher for the journal Science noted that their findings, which showed that there was little difference in the strength of vegetarians and meat-eaters but significantly higher endurance in vegetarians, were similar to findings in a study of Yale students conducted in 1906. The Yale study and others also confirmed Joteyko and Kipiani's findings that vegetarians recuperated more quickly from fatigue than did people who consumed meat. However, Fisher stressed that it was possible that the differences might not indicate a need to omit meat entirely, but rather to consume a "low-proteid diet", now known as a low-protein diet, or only meat which was free from intestinal bacteria or other contaminants. They were awarded the 1908 Vernois Prize of the Académie Nationale de Médecine for their work. They published a follow-up study, "Le végétarisme et son influence sur la santé publique, le commerce, l'industrie et l'économie de la nature" ("Vegetarianism and Its Influence on Public Health, Commerce, Industry and the Economy of Nature") in 1909, which had been presented to the International Food Congress the previous year.

Sensory studies

In 1910, Kipiani was awarded the Valentin Haily Medal at the Congrès des Typhlophiles ('congress to benefit the blind') in Paris for her papers, "Expériences sur les illusions musculaires chez les aveugles, les voyants et les sourds-muets" ("Experiments on Muscular Illusions in Blind, Sighted and Deaf-Mutes") and "La réforme de la lecture et de l'écriture chez les voyants et les aveugles en rapport avec les lois de la symétrie" ("The Reform of Reading and Writing for both Seeing and Blind in Relation to the Laws of Symmetry"). "Expériences sur les illusions" explored touch in the relationship between volume and weight for people who were blind or for sighted people who were blindfolded. Subjects were given objects of identical weight and surface area. They reported that objects which felt more voluminous were likely to be heavier and require more effort to lift. "La réforme de la lecture et de l'écriture" recommended that students should alternate between reading left to right and right to left, as well as training both hands to write. They also published "Les bases psychologiques de l'éducation sensorielle" ("The Psychological Bases of Sensorial Education") containing twelve laws of sensory psychology which could be used by educators to promote bilateral development.

The two women collaborated on another study in 1912, "Rôle du sens musculaire dans le dessin" ("Role of the Muscular Sense in Drawing") to evaluate whether people could draw a subject accurately with their eyes closed. They noted that the drawings produced resembled children's sketches and lacked perspective, accurate proportions, and resemblance to the model. Their "Rôle du sens musculaire et de la vision, dans l'écriture" ("Role of Muscular Sense and Vision in Writing") examined the learning process: seeing a letter and using the hand to imitate that letter. They noted that once proficiency had been gained, seeing the letter was no longer necessary and concluded that teaching students to constantly look at letters could strain the eyes. They stressed that more attention should be paid to muscle memory and teaching methods which did not promote eye strain or poor posture. In another 1912 work, "Visualisation colorée et sens chromatique chez Mlle Uranie Diamandi" ("Colored Visualization and Chromatic Sense of Miss Uranie Diamandi"), Kipiani studied the phenomena of grapheme–color synesthesia, in which numbers and letters appear to be associated with colors. These were part of a series of studies she and Joteyko made on memorization, which also included works such as "Nouveau procédé de determination des types de mémoire" ("New Method for Determining Memory Types"), analyzing the difference in those who learned by auditory and visual methods. She analyzed the reaction of school children to a light source, making comparisons with tropism, the phenomena of plants turning toward the light. In her 1913 paper, "Le rôle des tropismes et de la symmétrie dans la vie intégrale de l'être humain" ("The Role of Tropism and Symmetry in the Integral Life of the Human Being"), Kipiani discussed the importance of exercise to fully develop the body and eliminate the tendency for outside stimuli to promote growth in only one direction. These studies were designed to allow educators to adapt educational practices to meet children's sensory development.

Kipiani began to study right-handedness in 1907 with Joteyko. Students of varying genders were asked to lift weights weighing 2 kg (4 lb) repeatedly every two seconds for twenty to thirty repetitions. After resting, they then repeated the exercise on the opposite arm. The study noted that "exhausting work when accomplished by the left hand, produces a more intense (more injurious) effect on the heart, than the same work when performed by the right hand…". They also concluded that if both hands were used to raise the weight, the pulse elevation was less than that when done by either hand and that women who were left-handed had the highest pulse rate increase when lifting with the left hand. Expanding her tests to include hearing, sight, and touch, Kipiani reported that these senses tended to be superior on the same side as the dominant hand. In 1912, Kipiani published "Ambidextrie: Étude expérimental et critique" ("Ambidexterity: Experimental and Critical Study"). In the paper, she presented detailed analysis for both the physiological and neurological basis of favoring one hand over the other. At the time Medard Schuyten, director of an internationally-known paedological laboratory in Antwerp was promoting the opposing view that focus should be on developing the body's naturally dominant side. In spite of the anatomical basis for asymmetry, Kipiani argued that there were benefits to educators attempting to help students develop more symmetrically. She argued that teaching methods which encouraged students to use only one hand reinforced the principle of least effort and prevented the full development of both sides of the brain. Instead, she suggested that training both sides increased both motor and intellectual capacity and allowed quicker recovery if one side of the body or brain was damaged.

Legacy

Kipiani and Joteyko's work on vegetarianism and her own work on ambidexterity remained in print and influential through the 1930s, although a broad international movement to encourage ambidexerity never emerged. A brief biography of Kipiani was included in the Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia, published in 1986, noting that she was the first Georgian woman to become a psychophysiologist. Although she had many accomplishments in her lifetime both in science and in promoting Georgian culture, like other women internationally and in Georgia, Kipiani and her achievements were largely forgotten in the historical record. In the 21st century, scholars began revisiting the careers of Kipiani and Joteyko and studying their impact on vegetarianism in Belgium and France at the turn of the twentieth century. Sociologist Alexandra Hondermarck noted that their studies gained significant traction because they used innovative scientific methods to research vegetarianism. They were among the very few women doctors and scientists centrally involved in the vegetarian movement. According to Hondermarck, despite their innovations, the success of Joteyko and Kipiani forced them to become involved in fields which were less competitive with their male colleagues. Historian Levan Z. Urushadze noted in his 2008 research on Kipiani that although disseminating information about Georgia in her lifetime was illegal under Russification and later Sovietization policies, Kipiani played a prominent role in promoting and protecting Georgian culture. Many Georgian sources now recognize her as a pioneering Georgian woman academic.

Selected works

• Kipiani, Varia (1905). Ergographie du sucre [Ergography of Sugar] (in French). Brussels: Librairie médicale de Henri Lamertin. OCLC 866564339.
• Ioteyko, Józefa; Kipiani, Varia (1907). Enquête scientifique sur les végétariens de Bruxelles: leur résistance à la fatigue étudiée à l'ergographe, la durée de leurs réactions nerveuses, considérations énergétiques et sociales [Scientific Survey of Vegetarians in Brussels: Their Resistance to Fatigue Studied with an Ergograph, the Duration of Their Nervous Reactions, Energy and Social Considerations] (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Henri Làmertin for the Société végétarienne de France. OCLC 11890357.
• Kipiani, Varia; Alexander, M. (1908). "Influence de l'éther sulfurique sur la sensibilité cutanée" [Influence of Sulfuric Ether on Skin Sensitivity]. La Revue Psychologique (in French). 1. Bruselles: E. Rossel. OCLC 183330003.
• Kipiani, Varia (1910). "La réforme de la lecture et de l'êcriture en rapport avec les lois de la symétrie" [The Reform of Reading and Writing in Relation to the Laws of Symmetry]. La Revue Psychologique (in French). 3. Bruselles: E. Rossel. OCLC 183330003.
• Ioteyko, Józefa; Kipiani, Varia (April 1912). "Rôle du sens musculaire et de la vision, dans l'écriture" [Role of Muscular Sense and Vision in Writing]. Revue d'hygiène et de thérapeutique oculaires (in French). 6. Paris: Librairie A. Maloine: 49–59. OCLC 230934481.
• Kipiani, Varia (January 1912). "Visualisation colorée et sens chromatique chez Mlle Uranie Diamandi" [Colored Visualization and Chromatic Sense of Miss Uranie Diamandi] (PDF). Le Monde Psychique (in French). 2 (11). Paris: l'Institut de Recherches Psychiques de France: 457–465. ISSN 2428-1093.
• Kipiani, Varia (1912). Ambidextrie: Etude expérimentale et critique [Ambidexterity: Experimental and Critical Study] (in French). Brussels: J. Lebègue & Co. OCLC 609233814.

References

Bibliography

• Abashidze, Irakli, ed. (1986). "ყიფიანი, ბარბარე [Kipiani, Barbara]". ქართული საბჭოთა ენციკლოპედია [Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia] (PDF) (in Georgian). Vol. 10. ტიხუანა — შინდარა. Tbilisi: აბაშიძის სახელობის მთავარი სამეცნიერო რედაქცია. p. 654.
• Alvarez, David J. (2002). Spies in the Vatican: Espionage & Intrigue from Napoleon to the Holocaust. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1214-7.
• Alvarez, David J.; Graham, Robert A. (1997). Nothing Sacred: Nazi Espionage Against the Vatican, 1939-1945. London, UK: Frank Cass Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7146-4744-9.
• Batiashvili, Nutsa (2018). The Bivocal Nation: Memory and Identity on the Edge of Empire. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-319-62286-6.
• Bianchon, Horace (16 December 1908). "Mouvement Médical: Séance Annuelle de l'Académie de Médecine" [Medical Movement: Annual Meeting of the Academy of Medicine]. Le Figaro (in French). Paris, France. p. 6. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
• Brouwer, Christian (1996). ULB-USA: passé, présent et futur d'une fructueuse collaboration / ULB-USA: Past, Present and Future of a Fruitful Friendship (PDF). Bruxelles, Belgium: Université libre de Bruxelles. ISBN 978-2-930149-01-1.
• Chabannais, O. (13 September 1930). "L'ambidextrie" [Ambidexterity]. La Charente (in French). Vol. 59. Angoulême, France. p. 1. Retrieved 16 November 2022 – via Gallica.
• Davitadze, Tamila; Mazmishvili, Nana (2022). "How Georgian Women (Representatives of One Family) Contributed to the Education and Science Exchange with Europe". Balkanistic Forum. 31 (1). Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria: South-West University "Neofit Rilski": 105–114. doi:10.37708/bf.swu.v31i1.5. ISSN 1310-3970. S2CID 246592503.
• Depaepe, Marc (February 1998). "The Heyday of Paedology in Belgium (1899–1914): A Positivistic Dream That Did Not Come True". International Journal of Educational Research. 27 (8). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier: 687–697. doi:10.1016/S0883-0355(98)00006-8. ISSN 0883-0355. OCLC 4931798941.
• Duprat, Guillaume-Léonce [in French] (January–June 1913). "Revue: Varia Kipiani. – Ambidextrie" [Review: Varia Kipiani. – Ambidexterity]. Revue philosophique de la France et de l'étranger (in French). 75. Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France: 643–644. ISSN 0035-3833. JSTOR 41080896. OCLC 5543113305. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
• Encausse, Philippe (December 1936). "L'alimentation dans les épreuves sportives fatigantes et prolongées" [Nutrition in Tiring and Prolonged Sporting Events]. Match l'intran (in French). No. 546. Paris, France: Louis Dreyfus Company. p. 6. ISSN 1958-4911. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
• Grzegorzewska, Maria (1916). "La Revue Psychologique (1908–1914)". Revue philosophique de la France et de l'étranger (in French). 82. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France: 280–295. ISSN 0035-3833. JSTOR 41081410. OCLC 5543114546. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
• Heynemann, Ethel M. (February–March 1911). "Australia, the Ideal Climate for a Vegetarian Diet" (PDF). Life & Health. Vol. 1, no. 1. Melbourne, Victoria: Signs Publishing Company. pp. 44–45. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
• Hondermarck, Alexandra (Summer 2021). "La preuve par l'enquête: médecins et promotion du végétarisme en France et en Belgique autour de 1900" [Proof by Investigation: Doctors and the Promotion of Vegetarianism in France and Belgium around 1900]. Histoire, médecine et santé (in French). 19 (19). Toulouse, France: Presses Universitaires du Midi: 39–56. doi:10.4000/hms.4529. ISSN 2263-8911. OCLC 9414221433. S2CID 245958812. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
• Ioteyko, J. (January 1905). "Ergographie du Sucre" [Ergography of Sugar]. Bulletin de la Société Royale des Sciences Médicales et Naturelles de Bruxelles (in French). 63 (1). Brussels, Belgium: Librairie médicale de Henri Lamertin: 2–10. OCLC 405163169. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
• Ioteyko, J. (1919). The Science of Labour and Its Organization. Efficiency books. London: George Routledge & Sons. OCLC 3695279.
• Fisher, Irving (25 October 1907). "Diet and Endurance at Brussels". Science. 26 (669). Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 561–563. Bibcode:1907Sci....26..561F. doi:10.1126/science.26.669.561. ISSN 0036-8075. JSTOR 1632433. OCLC 61521455. PMID 17788088. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
• Kazakov, Alexey (1 March 2022). "Мечта грузинского монаха едва не привела нацистов в Ватикан" [The Dream of a Georgian Monk almost Led the Nazis to the Vatican]. Nezavisimaya Gazeta (in Russian). Moscow, Russia. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
• Kipiani, Varia (1905). "Ergographie du sucre" [Ergography of Sugar]. Annales de la Société royale des sciences médicales et naturelles (in French). 14. Brussels, Belgium: Librairie médicale de Henri Lamertin: 55–92. ISSN 0365-0928. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
• Konarski, Stanisław (1965). "Józefa Franciszka Joteykówna". In Rostworowski, Emanuel (ed.). Polski Słownik Biograficzny (in Polish). Vol. 11: Jaroslaw—Kaplinski Seweryn. Wrocław, Poland: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. pp. 297–300. OCLC 1014728042. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018.
• Lang, David Marshall (1962). A Modern History of Soviet Georgia. New York, New York: Grove Press. OCLC 398597.
• Lee, Eric (2017). The Experiment: Georgia's Forgotten Revolution 1918–1921. London: Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-78699-094-5.
• Lorenz, Otto (1911). Catalogue général de la librairie française. Vol. 22: I-Z. Paris: Daniel Jordell. OCLC 1106570342.
• Löwy, Ilana (2005). "8. "Measures, Instruments, Methods, and Results": Jozefa Joteyko on Social Reforms and Physiological Measures". In Jorland, Gérard; Opinel, Annick; Weisz, George (eds.). Body Counts: Medical Quantification in Historical and Sociological Perspective. Montréal, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press for Fondation Marcel Mérieux. pp. 145–172. ISBN 978-0-7735-2925-0.
• Löwy, Ilana; Nowak, Ewa (2020). "«Il faut prescrire l'usage de la viande en petite quantité, comme on prescrit l'arsenic»: Josephine Joteyko et Varia Kipiani la recherche médicale pionnière en faveur du végétarisme en 1906" ["Meat Should Be Prescribed in Very Small Doses, Arsenic-like": How Josephine Joteyko and Varia Kipiani Pioneered Medical Research to Improve Vegetarianism in 1906]. Ethics in Progress (in French). 11 (2). Poznań, Poland: Academic Research Publishers of the Institute of Philosophy, Adam Mickiewicz University: 80–87. doi:10.14746/eip.2020.2.8. ISSN 2084-9257. OCLC 8974709109. S2CID 243015701.
• Maigre, Étienne (1908). "Ioteyko et divers. — Détermination des types de mémoire des 36 élèves de l'école normale de Mons. — Nouveau procédé de détermination des types de mémoire. — Revue Psychologique (belge), décembre 1908" [Ioteyko and Others. — Determination of the Types of Memory of 36 Students of the Normal School of Mons. — New Method for Determining Memory Types. — Revue Psychologique (Belgian), December 1908]. L'Année psychologique (in French). 15. Paris, France: University of Paris: 417–424. ISSN 0003-5033. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
• Mchedlishvili, David A. (2012a). "ბარბარე ყიფიანი" [Barbara Kipiani]. Georgian Biographical Dictionary (in Georgian). Tbilisi, Georgia: National Parliamentary Library of Georgia. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
• Mchedlishvili, David A. (2012b). "ბარბარე (ვარია) ნოკოლოზის ასული ყიფიანი" [Barbara (Varia) daughter of Nikoloz Kipiani]. Members of the Society for Spreading Literacy among Georgians (in Georgian). Tbilisi, Georgia: National Parliamentary Library of Georgia. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
• Mchedlishvili, David A. (2012d). "ნიკოლოზ ყიფიანი" [Nikoloz Kipiani]. Georgian Biographical Dictionary (in Georgian). Tbilisi, Georgia: National Parliamentary Library of Georgia. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
• Mchedlishvili, David A. (2012c). "ნინო ყიფიანი" [Nino Kipiani]. Georgian Biographical Dictionary (in Georgian). Tbilisi, Georgia: National Parliamentary Library of Georgia. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
• Mikaberidze, Alexander, ed. (2007). "Shanidze, Akaki". Dictionary of Georgian National Biography. Shreveport, Louisiana: Louisiana State University. Archived from the original on 17 February 2008.
• Mikadze, Tamar (2021). "მე ჩამოვდივარ თქვენთან ქართველი... (ბარბარე ყიფიანის ცხოვრება-მოღვაწეობის შესწავლის ისტორიისათვის)" ["I am coming to you, a Georgian..." (On a Study of the Life and Work of Barbare Kipiani)] (PDF). Aneuli (in Georgian). 1 (30). Tbilisi, Georgia: Leta: 9–11. OCLC 897133352.
• Mosso, Angelo (1890). "Ueber die Gesetze der Ermüdung: Untersuchungen an Muskeln des Menschen" [On the Laws of Fatigue: Studies on Human Muscles]. Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie (in German). Leipzig, Germany: Verlag von Veit & Comp.: 89–168. OCLC 946399017. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
• Office central des associations internationals (1907). Publications: Notices Sommaires sur les institutions internationals ayant leur siege en belguique [Publications: Summary Notices on International Institutions Having Their Headquarters in Belgium] (Report) (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Institut International de Bibliographie et de Documentation. report #87.
• Pavlenko, Aneta (2011). "Linguistic Russification in the Russian Empire: Peasants into Russians?" (PDF). Russian Linguistics. 35 (3). Berlin, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media: 331–350. doi:10.1007/s11185-011-9078-7. ISSN 0304-3487. OCLC 5649954720. S2CID 141872289. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
• Piéron, H. (1912). "Revue: J. Joteyko and Varia Kipiani. — Rôle du Sens musculaire et de la vision dans l'écriture. — Rôle du Sens musculaire dans le dessin. — R. Ps., IV, 4, 1911, p. 357-369" [Review: J. Joteyko and Varia Kipiani. — Role of Muscular Sense and Vision in Writing. — Role of Muscular Sense in Drawing. — R. Ps., IV, 4, 1911, p. 357-369]. L'Année psychologique (in French). 19. Paris, France: University of Paris: 476. ISSN 0003-5033. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
• Piéron, Henri (1913). "Revue: Kipiani (Mlle Varia). Ambidextrie. Etude expérimentale et critique. – 1 vol. in-8° de 103 pages" [Review: Kipiani (Mlle Varia). Ambidexterity: Experimental and Critical Study. – 1 vol. in issue 8, 103 pages]. Revue générale des sciences pures et appliquées (in French). 24. Paris, France: Librairie Armand Colin: 903. ISSN 0370-5196. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
• Sadghobelashvili, Ninia (2 December 2021). "ბარბარე ყიფიანი" [Barbare Kipiani]. მასწავლებელი (in Georgian). Tbilisi, Georgia: Mastsavlebeli. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
• Sinclair, Upton (1909). Good Health and How We Won It: With an Account of the New Hygiene. New York, New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company. OCLC 2482848.
• Suny, Ronald Grigor (1996). "The Emergence of Political Society in Georgia". In Suny, Ronald Grigor (ed.). Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia (Revised 2nd ed.). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 109–140. ISBN 978-0-472-06617-9.
• Thornton, Tamara Plakins (1998). "4. Deviance, Dominance, and the Construction of Handedness in Turn-of-the-Century Anglo-America". In Halttunen, Karen; Perry, Lewis (eds.). Moral Problems in American Life: New Perspectives on Cultural History. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 81–102. ISBN 978-1-5017-2549-4.
• Urushadze, Levan Z. (2008). "ბარბარე ყიფიანის კულტურულ – საგანმანათლებლო მოღვაწეობისათვის 1910-იანი წლების პირველ ნახევარში" [On the Cultural and Educational Activity of Barbare Kipiani in the Early 1910s]. Amirani (in Georgian). XIX. Tbilisi, Georgia: International Caucasological Research Institute: 112–117. ISSN 1512-0449. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
• Weeks, Theodore R. (December 2010). "Russification / Sovietization". European History Online. Mainz, Germany: Institute of European History: 1–15. OCLC 692301355. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
• Weeks, Theodore R. (December 2004). "Russification: Word and Practice 1863-1914". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 148 (4). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Society: 471–489. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 1558142. OCLC 5546510367. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
• Walbaum (1906). Fritz, Heinrich (ed.). "5) Mlle Varia Kipiani (Brüssel). Der Kraftwert des Zuckers" [5) Miss Varia Kipiani (Brussels). The Energy Value of Sugar]. Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie (in German). 30 (23). Leipzig: Druck und Verlag von Breitkopf und Härtel. OCLC 1770600. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
• "A Bruxelles" [In Brussels]. The New York Herald (in French). No. 25534 (European ed.). Paris, France. 21 July 1906. p. 5. Retrieved 8 November 2022 – via Gallica.
• "A Food for Workers". The Osage City Free Press. Osage, Kansas. 5 June 1907. p. 6. Retrieved 3 November 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
• "Arts, Sciences, Conferences, Litterature". Le Peuple (in French). Vol. 28, no. 341. Brussels, Belgium. 6 December 1912. p. 5. Retrieved 7 November 2022 – via KBR: Royal Library of Belgium.
• "ბარბარე ყიფიანი – ფსიქო-ფიზიოლოგი, საზოგადო მოღვაწე" [Barbare Kipiani – Psycho-Physiologist, Public Figure]. Gender Barometer Georgia (in Georgian). United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women. 12 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
• "Current Periodicals". Journal of Educational Psychology. II (1). Baltimore, Maryland: Warwick & York, Inc.: 527–531 January 1911. ISSN 0022-0663. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
• "Current Periodicals". Journal of Educational Psychology. IV (1). Baltimore, Maryland: Warwick & York, Inc.: 56–57 January 1913. ISSN 0022-0663. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
• "Faculté international de pédologie de Bruxelles" [International Faculty of Paedology of Brussels]. La Meuse (in French). Vol. 59, no. 103. Liège, Belgium. 2 March 1914. p. 2. Retrieved 10 November 2022 – via KBR: Royal Library of Belgium.
• "Invloed van suiker op spierarbeld" [Influence of Sugar on Muscle Labor]. De Sumatra Post (in Dutch). Vol. 8, no. 3. Medan, Sumatra. 4 January 1906. p. 9. Retrieved 15 November 2022 – via Delpher.
• "Josepha Joteyko: la première femme chef de travaux à l'ULB" [Josepha Joteyko: The First Woman to Work as Supervisor at ULB]. The ULB Libraries Blog (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Université libre de Bruxelles. 16 October 2018. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
• "Keep Brain Busy Write Exercises". The Bedford Democrat. Bedford, Indiana. 10 April 1918. p. 2. Retrieved 12 November 2022 – via Newspaperarchive.com.
• "Pour les aveugles" [For the Blind]. Le petit bleu du matin (in French). Vol. 17, no. 132. Brussels, Belgium. 12 May 1910. p. 2. Retrieved 9 November 2022 – via KBR: Royal Library of Belgium.
• "Physiologie: Psycho-Physiologie" [Physiology: Psycho-Physiology]. L'Encéphale (in French) (Supplémentaire Index Bibliographique). Paris, France: F. Doin: 5–7. March 1909. ISSN 0013-7006. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
• "The First Georgian Scholar Woman Barbare Kipiani". Georgian Journal. Tbilisi, Georgia. 5 September 2017. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
• "The Non-Flesh Diet". The New York Times. New York, New York. 27 October 1907. p. 8. Retrieved 2 November 2022 – via Newspaperarchive.com.
• "UIA's History: 1910". Union of International Associations. Brussels, Belgium: Union of International Associations. 2013. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
• "Une fête géorgienne" [A Georgian Party]. Le petit bleu du matin (in French). Vol. 15, no. 88. Brussels, Belgium. 30 March 1908. p. 2. Retrieved 7 November 2022 – via KBR: Royal Library of Belgium.
• "ვარია ყიფიანი" [Varia Kipiani]. Prosopography of Georgia (in Georgian). Tbilisi, Georgia: Linguistic Research Institute of Ilia State University. 2014. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
• "Varia Kipiani;. Ambidextrie. Etude experimentale et critique: Paris: F. Alcan, 1912. Pp. 104. Fr. 3.50. [Varia Kipiani. Ambidexterity: Experimental and Critical Study. Paris: F. Alcan, 1912. Pp. 104. F 3.50.]". Journal of Educational Psychology. IV (1). Baltimore, Maryland: Warwick & York, Inc.: 439 January 1913. ISSN 0022-0663. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
• "Vegetarian Success". The Buffalo Sunday Morning News. Buffalo, New York. 29 December 1907. p. 5. Retrieved 2 November 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
• "Vierde Internationaal Vegetarisch Congres" [Fourth International Vegetarian Congress]. Het Vaderland (in Dutch). Vol. 45, no. 204. The Hague, Netherlands. 26 August 1913. p. 6. Retrieved 15 November 2022 – via Delpher.
• "Vierde vegetarisch congres" [Fourth Vegetarian Congress]. De Maasbode (in Dutch). Vol. 45, no. 12598. Amsterdam, Netherlands. 13 August 1913. p. 1. Retrieved 15 November 2022 – via Delpher.
• "Viennent de paraître" [Just Published]. La Revue du mois (in French). XV (86). Paris: Librairie Félix Alcan: iii. 10 February 1913. OCLC 959058915. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
• "Volume III 1910". Revue philosophique de la France et de l'étranger (in French). 82. Paris, France: Presses universitaires de France: 284–286. 1916. ISSN 0035-3833.
• "Women in the World". Australian Woman's Mirror. Vol. 3, no. 36. Sydney, New South Wales: The Bulletin. 2 August 1927. p. 22. OCLC 1135906202. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
• "The Woman's World" (PDF). The New Zealand Herald. Vol. LXVI, no. 20162. Auckland, New Zealand. 24 January 1929. p. 6. Retrieved 16 November 2022 – via Papers Past.