Robert Michael Maitland Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham, CH, PC (6 November 1906 – 10 March 1990) was a British Labour Party politician, life peer and Fabian Socialist who was a Member of Parliament for 34 years, and served twice as Foreign Secretary in the first cabinet of Harold Wilson.
The Lord Stewart of Fulham | |
|---|---|
 Stewart in 1965 | |
| Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Foreign Affairs (1965–1966) | |
| In office 16 March 1968 – 19 June 1970 | |
| Prime Minister | Harold Wilson |
| Preceded by | George Brown |
| Succeeded by | Sir Alec Douglas-Home |
| In office 22 January 1965 – 11 August 1966 | |
| Prime Minister | Harold Wilson |
| Preceded by | Patrick Gordon Walker |
| Succeeded by | George Brown |
| First Secretary of State | |
| In office 11 August 1966 – 6 April 1968 | |
| Prime Minister | Harold Wilson |
| Preceded by | George Brown |
| Succeeded by | Barbara Castle |
| Secretary of State for Economic Affairs | |
| In office 11 August 1966 – 29 August 1967 | |
| Prime Minister | Harold Wilson |
| Preceded by | George Brown |
| Succeeded by | Peter Shore |
| Secretary of State for Education and Science | |
| In office 16 October 1964 – 22 January 1965 | |
| Prime Minister | Harold Wilson |
| Preceded by | Quintin Hogg |
| Succeeded by | Anthony Crosland |
| Member of Parliament for Fulham Fulham East (1945–1955) | |
| In office 5 July 1945 – 7 April 1979 | |
| Preceded by | William Astor |
| Succeeded by | Martin Stevens |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Robert Michael Maitland Stewart 6 November 1906 Bromley, Kent, England |
| Died | 10 March 1990 (aged 83) London, England |
| Political party | Labour |
| Spouse | |
| Alma mater | St. John's College, Oxford |
| Profession | Member of Parliament |
Early life
editThe son of Robert Wallace Stewart, author and lecturer, and Eva Stewart née Blaxley, Robert Michael Maitland Stewart was born in Bromley.[1] He was educated at Brownhill Road Elementary School, Catford, Christ's Hospital and St. John's College, Oxford, where he graduated with a first class BA in Philosophy, Politics and Economics in 1929.[2][3] Whilst at Oxford he was involved in student politics and was elected as President of the Oxford Union for Michaelmas Term 1929. He was also the president of St John's Labour Club that same year.[1]
Stewart began his career as an official in the Royal Household during 1931. He worked for a short period with the Secretariat of the League of Nations, before becoming a schoolmaster, first at the Merchant Taylors' School in London, then at Coopers' Company's School, Mile End, and then at Frome, Somerset. During World War II, Stewart served in the Middle East, joining the Intelligence Corps in 1942, before transferring to the Army Educational Corps in 1943. He was promoted to captain in 1944.
On 26 July 1941 he married Mary Birkinshaw, later Baroness Stewart of Alvechurch; they had no children.[4] They were one of the few couples who both held titles in their own right.
Political career
editStewart had contested the Lewisham West constituency in 1931 and 1935, and Fulham East in 1936; after the war he became MP for Fulham East 1945–55, then for Fulham 1955–74, and Hammersmith, Fulham 1974–79. Soon after his initial election, he was made one of the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury (more commonly known as a junior whip),[5] then a junior minister, as Under-Secretary of State for War (1947–51) and later as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Supply (May–October 1951). Following Labour's defeat in the 1951 election, Stewart was a rising figure on the shadow front bench, serving as Shadow Minister of Education (1955–59) and then as Shadow Minister of Housing and Local Government (1959–64).
On May 21 1952 during the British Malayan headhunting scandal, Stewart asked Henry Hopkinson in the House of Commons if the government intended to punish British soldiers caught posing with decapitated human heads in images taken during the Malayan Emergency and leaked by the Daily Worker. Hopkinson confirmed to Stewart that none of the British soldiers would be punished, claiming that said soldiers had never explicitly been forbidden from mutilating corpses.[6]
Stewart was Fabian Summer School director in 1952 and lecturer in 1954. He was Fabian New Year School lecturer in 1954–55 and publicist in 1956. He is listed as a member of the Fabian Society International Bureau Committee during 1957–58 and was mentioned in Fabian News November – December 1964 as a former member of the Fabian Executive Committee.[1]
Government 1964–70
editWhen Harold Wilson became Prime Minister in 1964, Stewart was appointed Secretary of State for Education and Science. He was promoted to Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in January 1965 after his predecessor Patrick Gordon Walker's bid to regain a House of Commons seat in the 1965 Leyton by-election failed.[7] He was described by the press as relatively unknown to the public but was extremely well known within Fabian socialist circles. He became Secretary of State for Economic Affairs in 1966. From 1966 to 1968, he was First Secretary of State. He returned to the Foreign Office from 1968 to 1970. As foreign secretary, he was instrumental in supplying arms to support the Nigerian military dictatorship's crushing of the secessionist Republic of Biafra in the Nigerian Civil War (when up to one million people died), later saying "It would have been quite easy for me to say: This is going to be difficult – let's cut off all connexion with the Nigerian Government. If I'd done that I should have known that I was encouraging in Africa the principle of tribal secession – with all the misery that could bring to Africa in the future."[8]
Post-Government
editA committed pro-European, Stewart was leader of the Labour Delegation to the Council of Europe in June 1970, and joint president of the Labour Committee for Europe with George Brown and Roy Jenkins. He served as a member of the European Parliament from 1975 to 1976.[1]
Stewart was a supporter of a United Ireland, supporting a peaceful resolution to the partition of Ireland.[9]
Stewart was made a member of the Privy Council in 1964. He was appointed a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in the 1969 New Year Honours.[10] He retired from the House of Commons in 1979. He was elevated to the House of Lords, being created a life peer with the title Baron Stewart of Fulham, of Fulham in Greater London, on 5 July 1979.[11]
Brian Harrison recorded an oral history interview with Stewart, in March 1978, as part of the Suffrage Interviews project, titled Oral evidence on the suffragette and suffragist movements: the Brian Harrison interviews.[12] Stewart discusses his teaching career and his connection with the Association for Education in Citizenship.
He died at a hospital in London on 10 March 1990, at the age of 83.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Dalyell, Tam (2004). "Stewart, (Robert) Michael Maitland, Baron Stewart of Fulham (1906–1990), politician". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/39862. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Oxford University Calendar 1932, Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1932, p. 282.
- ^ Lane, A.T. (1995). Biographical dictionary of European labor leaders (Volume 2 ed.). Greenwood Press. p. 931. ISBN 0313299005.
- ^ Duncan Sutherland, 'Stewart , Mary Elizabeth Henderson, Baroness Stewart of Alvechurch (1903–1984)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, May 2005 accessed 1 April 2017
- ^ "East Fulham M.P. in Government Too – Junior Treasury Post For Captain Michael Stewart". Fulham Chronicle. No. 2993. 17 August 1945. p. 3. Retrieved 10 July 2019 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ Poole, Dan (2023). Head Hunters in the Malayan Emergency: The Atrocity and Cover-Up. Pen and Sword Military. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-1399057417.
- ^ Thorpe, Andrew (1997). A History of the British Labour Party. London: Macmillan Education UK. pp. 158–159. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0. ISBN 978-0-333-56081-5.
- ^ "By Nigeria correspondent Barnaby Philips". BBC News. 13 January 2000. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2008.
- ^ "A United Ireland". RTÉ Archives.
- ^ "No. 44740". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 1969. p. 24.
- ^ "No. 47900". The London Gazette. 10 July 1979. p. 8714.
- ^ London School of Economics and Political Science. "The Suffrage Interviews". London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
Bibliography
edit- The Forty Hour Week (Fabian Society), (1936)
- Bias and Education for Democracy (1937)
- The British Approach to Politics (1938)
- Policy and weapons in the nuclear age (1955)
- Modern Forms of Government (1959)
- An incomes policy for Labour (1963)
- Fabian Freeway Rose L. Martin (1966)
- Labour and the economy : a socialist strategy (1972)
- Life and Labour (1980) – his autobiography
- European Security: the case against unilateral nuclear disarmament (1981)
External links
edit
Media related to Michael Stewart at Wikimedia Commons